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FMS Week 10 > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Disadvantages of subunit vaccines

A

often poorly immunogenic without adjuvants

polysaccharide antigens elicit T independent responses

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2
Q

What type of vaccine is

measels

A

live attenuated

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3
Q

Adjuvants

A

agents that enhance the immunity induced by vaccines

1) can enhance translocation of antigen to lymphoid tissues
2) provide physical protection to antigens, allowing a more prolonged exposure to the immune system
3) often provoke local immune reactions at the site of immunization, usually through interactions with innate immune receptors such as TLRs

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4
Q

Herd immunity

A

reduces the spread of disease

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5
Q

Classical vaccine strategies

A

live attenuated

inactivated

subunit

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6
Q

What type of vaccine is

rubella

A

live attenuated

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7
Q

What type of vaccine is

HPV

A

virus like particle

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8
Q

disadvantages of inactivated vaccines

A

risk of incomplete inactivation
rabies, polio, FDM inactivation failures

requires a system to grow virus

manufacture requires handling of large volumes of virulent pathogen

manufacture often expensive

inactivation may alter immunogenicity
(1960s RSV vaccine)

requires boosting

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9
Q

Advantages of subunit vaccines

A

can induce specific immune responses against molecules involved in virulence/pathogenesis

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10
Q

Disadvantages of virus like particles

A

may require multiple doses (recent data says maybe not)

induces a limited immune response (to ssurface antigens)

can be expensive to manufacture

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11
Q

Virus like particle vaccines

A

consist of viral structureal proteins that, when overexpressed, spontaneously self-assemble into particles that are indistinguishable from infectious virus.

VLPs do not contain viral nucleic acis and are, therefore, not infectious

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12
Q

Subunit vaccines

A

consists of purified components derived from pathogen

toxins

polysacchardies derived from bacterial capsule

vira surface antigens

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13
Q

Examples of DNA vaccines

A

None FDA approved

JEV in australia

Zika trials

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14
Q

DNA viruses

A

Injection of DNA coding for target molecule. The gene can be introduced using a viral vector, or can be injected as naked DNA. Once the DNA enters the cell, the target antigen is expressed at high levels. The antigen is then:

1) processed for presentation by MHC, leading to teh induction of T cell responses

and or

2) secreated, leading to the induction of Ab responses

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15
Q

What type of vaccine is

hep a

A

inactivated whole pathogen

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16
Q

subunit vaccines against polysaccharides

A

now obsolete

high IgM

low IgG

weak memory response

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17
Q

Consequences of immunization

A

circulating antibody in the serum

increased frequency of pathogen specific B and T cells (memory cells)

rapid response to infection.

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18
Q

Safety of various vaccine types

the less alive…

A

the safer

Least
live attenuated
inactivated
isolated pathogen components
recombinant proteins and VLPs
DNA

MOST

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19
Q

What type of vaccine is

flumist

A

live attenuated

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20
Q

Conjugate vaccines

A

consists of purified components of a pathogen(hapten) linked to a higly immunogenic carrier (such as inactivated bacterial toxins)

allows for a T-dependent antibody response

often referred to a hapten conjugated to a carrier

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21
Q

What type of vaccine is

varicella

A

live attenuated

22
Q

What type of vaccine is

sabin polio

A

live attenuated

23
Q

What type of vaccine is

haemophilus influenza serotype B (HIB)

A

conjugate vaccine

purified pollysaccharide from

24
Q

Live attenuated vaccines

A

live pathogens that replicate in the host but do not cause diseqase because the pathogen has been mutated to a non pathogenic form

measels

varicella

sabin polio

mumps

rubella

flumist

25
Q

Methods of attenuation

A

repeated passage in a different species

repeated passage in cell lines

repeated passage in cold

genetic reassortment with attenuated genes

deletion of mutation of genetic sequences

use of natrually occuring nonpathogenic relative

26
Q

What type of vaccine is

salk polio

A

inactivated whole pathogen

27
Q

What are vaccines

A

harmless agents that elicit adaptive immune response

28
Q

Common adjuvants

A

alum

mineral oil

squalene

TLR agonists (MPL(acts on TLR4) and CpG)

29
Q

Consequences of attenuation

A

a less fit pathogen with modified

tropism

gene expression

immunogenicity

and/or

ability to replicate

30
Q

What type of vaccine is pneumococcus

A

conjugate

purified pollysaccharide

31
Q

Recombinant DNA technology of vaccines

A

subunit

conjugate

virus like particles

DNA

32
Q

Advantages of DNA vaccines

A

inexpensive to manufacture

vaccines are often highly stable

quick development time

33
Q

What type of vaccine is

influenza

A

Inactivated whole pathogen

34
Q

Benefit of T cell dependent responses (protein or protein conjugate vaccine)

A

Strong IgG memory response

effective in children

35
Q

disadvantages of DNA vaccines

A

effectiveness unclear

may be more effective in generated cell-mediated immune response (for therapeutic vaccines)

safety unclear

likely require multiple doses and multiple delivery platforms

36
Q

What are appropriate targets for vaccination

against viruses

A

B cell to make antibody: protection against infection
prophylactic
therapeutic?

Making CD8 Tcells: eradication of established infection
prophylactic?
therapeutic

37
Q

Advantages of inactivated vaccines

A

reversion not an issue

multiple antigens present

38
Q

What type of vaccine is

diptheria

A

subunit

39
Q

Emerging trends in vaccines

A 
1)Novel delivery systems
Mucosal delivery( skin patches, microneedles, aerosol)

2) Novel adjuvants
activators of innate immunity
TLRs (CpG oligonucleotides, others)
Targeting of specific cell types (B cells, mucosal cells)

3) emerging infectious diseases
rapid production of vaccines to face emerging threats

4) non-traditional vaccine targets
self molecules involved in diseases processes
allergens
substances of abuse (ex nicotine, concaine)

40
Q

Immunogenicity of the various types of vaccines

the less alive

A

the less immunogenic

41
Q

Advantages of live attenuated vaccines

A

highly immunologic, stimulates a broad immune response (innate and adaptive)

all antigens are expressed (multiple targets)

usually effective with a single dose

often inexpensive to manufacture

42
Q

Advantages of virus like particle vaccines

A

excellent safety profile

does not rely on ability to grow pathogen

highly immunogenic due to repetative structure

inside of particle can be modified with adjuvants

43
Q

What are appropriate targets for vaccination

extracellular bacteria

A

B cells to make antibodoes
can fn in complement, neutralization, opsonization

most modern vaccines against bacteria target capsular polysaccharides

CD4+ T cells
also vaccines target bacterial toxins, and induce neutralizing antibodies

44
Q

What type of vaccine is

tetanus

A

sunbunit

45
Q

Disadvantages of live attenuated vaccines

A

can revert back to pathgenic form
polio virus nigeria sept 07

requires a system to grow virus

potential contamination (SV40 (can transform cells) in polio vaccine)

can be dangerous in immunodeficient or pregnant individuals

46
Q

inactivated whole pathogen vaccines

A

preparations of normal, infectious pathogen that have been inactivated, usually by treatment of chemical agent

Salk polio

Influenza

Hep A

47
Q
A
48
Q

What type of vaccine is

meningococcus

A

conjugate

49
Q

Vaccine reactions

A

immediate (within 24 hours) vs delayed (14-28 days)

generalized systemic reactions: fever, arthralgia, headache, fatugue, generalized rash

local reaction: swelling, pain, erythema

allergic: anaphylaxis, generalized urticaria (hives), dizziness, syncope, rate events and risk is minimized by screening (do you have any allergy to eggs)

trasient thrombocytopenia (eg measels; immune mediated)

rare reactions: guillain-barre syndrome, post vaccine encephalitis

vaccine adverse evente reporting system (VAERS)

national childhood vaccine injurty compensation act

50
Q

What type of vaccine is

mumps

A

live attenuated

51
Q

What are appropriate targets for vaccination

against intracellular bacteria

A

CTL responses probably most important

there are no particularly effective vaccines against intracellular bacteria that are currently approved clinically

52
Q

What type of vaccine is

pertussis

A

subunit

FMS Week 10 (4 decks)

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