Vaccines

Question 1

Compare the roles of cell-mediated and humoral immunity in virus infections

Answer 1

Both necessary: Humoral may prevent illness, but T cell immunity is necessary for recovery

humoral — first line of defense; think B cells

Cell-mediated — when virus gets into cells; think T cells

Question 2

Define local immunity. Give an example

Answer 2

A natural or acquired immunity to infections

Question 3

Identify those organisms against which cell-mediated immunity is most effective

Answer 3

a

Question 4

Identify those organisms against which humoral immunity is most effective

Answer 4

a

Question 5

Give an example of a human antitoxin

Answer 5

Human tetanus immune globulin (TIG)

Question 6

Give an example of an animal antitoxin

Answer 6

horse antiserum against pneumonia

Question 7

Give an example of a toxoid

Answer 7

Tetanus toxoid (inactivated toxin)

Diphtheria

Question 8

Give an example of a killed virus vaccine

Answer 8

IPV

Question 9

Give an example of a live virus vaccine

Answer 9

MMR

Intranasal flu

Oral polio

Question 10

Identify which (of the human/animal antitoxin, toxoid, killed virus vx, live virus vx) produces the longest lasting immunity

Answer 10

Toxoid…?

Question 11

Discuss possible hazards of a human antitoxin

Answer 11

a

Question 12

Discuss possible hazards of an animal antitoxin

Answer 12

a

Question 13

Discuss possible hazards of a toxoid

Answer 13

a

Question 14

Discuss possible hazards of a killed virus vaccine

Answer 14

a

Question 15

Discuss possible hazards of a live virus vaccine

Answer 15

a

Question 16

What are the appropriate times for immunization of children against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio and measles?

Answer 16

D: 2m, 4m, 6m, 15m, 4-6y

Pert: 2m, 4m, 6m, 15m, 4-6y

T: 2m, 4m, 6m, 15m, 4-6y

Pol: 2m, 4m, 6-15m, 4-6y

M: 12-15m, 4-6y

Question 17

Why are live viral vaccines generally ineffective in the very young?

Answer 17

a

Question 18

How are IgG and IgM Ab titer used in diagnosing intrauterine and neonatal infection?

Answer 18

a

Question 19

What is the composition of a typical conjugate vaccine?

Answer 19

Complex card (e.g. Hib) plus a protein “carrier”

Question 20

Describe the mode of action for a typical conjugate vaccine

Answer 20

B cells would already bind to carb, but only release IgM (can’t be induced to change to IgG)

The protein-carb complex is ingested by B cells, but only present the protein on the surface — attracts the Tfh and helps initiate that change

Babies and the elderly are very responsive to conjugate vaccines. (e.g. pneumococcal conjugate)

Question 21

OPV was developed by whom?

Answer 21

Albert Sabin (promotes innate response — IgA)

Question 22

IPV was developed by whom?

Answer 22

Jonas Salk (promotes adaptive response — IgG)

Question 23

Which polio vaccine is currently used in the US?

Answer 23

IPV

Question 24

Define herd immunity

Answer 24

All the immunized people protect the people who are immunized (include idiots, offspring of idiots, or immunocompromised/ contraindicated individuals)

Question 25

Describe natural, active immunity

Answer 25

Longest-lasting immunity

“Tested in the fire” — those who get measles are protected for life

Question 26

Describe natural, passive immunity

Answer 26

Nursing and by placenta

Question 27

Describe artificial, active immunity

Answer 27

Immunization

Question 28

Describe artificial, passive immunity

Answer 28

Use of immune serum or purified antibodies to protect pts at risk

Question 29

What are adjuvants?

Answer 29

Stimulates the innate response — increase immunogenicity of the vaccines