Vaccines

Question 1

How do we survive viral infections? When do we succub?

Answer 1

Our defenses recognize and defend against the pathogen; a successful virus infection must have modulated or bypassed the defense.

Question 2

The AIDS pandemic, the appearance of SARS, as well as influenza epidemics serve as witness to?

Answer 2

the frailty of our natural defenses.

Question 3

What is one of the most effective methods to prevent viral infection? What is their disadvantage?

Answer 3

A vaccine; they cause selective mutation against them.

Question 4

Smallpox has been called the most ____ disease in history

Answer 4

distructive

Question 5

Smallpox virus ___ crippled or disfigured what ratio of people?

Answer 5

killed; 1 in 20

Question 6

Smallpox was the first virus to be eliminated by ____ ____

Answer 6

human intervention

Question 7

Who was Edward Jenner?

Answer 7

The man who infected his gardener’s son with cowpox

Question 8

Louis Pasteur prepared a vaccine against ____ out of a dried infected rabbit spinal cord

Answer 8

rabies

Question 9

The WHO once immunized 127 million indian children against ____ in more than _____ villages in a day. What virus is rapidly disappearing in the US due to vaccination?

Answer 9

polio; 650,000; measles

Question 10

R0 value is the number of secondary infections produced by an infectious person. for measles it is ___ to ___

Answer 10

12 to 18

Question 11

What is the R0 value for smallpox? for the 1918 flu?

Answer 11

5-7; 2-3

Question 12

the poliovirus eradication effort makes use of ____ ___ ___ ___ with live attenuated poliovirus vaccine

Answer 12

large-scale immunization campaigns

Question 13

Features of virus that enable easier eradication:

Answer 13

No secondary host (human only); infection confers long-term immunity; one stable serotype

Question 14

Who introduced the term “vaccination?

Answer 14

louis Pasteur, from vacca in honor of Jenner

Question 15

When did Jenner do his experiment

Answer 15

May 1796

Question 16

What is the procedure of injecting pus from smallpox lesions in hopes of a mild disease that would provide lifelong protection?

Answer 16

variolation

Question 17

What are the two types of vaccination?

Answer 17

Active (killed virus generates cells against) Passive (short-term effects) use antibodies

Question 18

How do mothers immunize their babies passively?

Answer 18

They pass antibodies through colostrum (antibody rich first milk) or by transfer of maternal antibody through the placenta, which provides a protective umbrella

Question 19

Vaccines work because the immune system can ___ the identity of a virus years later, called ___ ___

Answer 19

recall; immune memory

Question 20

Immune memory is maintained by dedicated _____ ; these cells provide a heightened ability to respond ____ to a subsequent infection

Answer 20

T and B lymphocytes; quickly

Question 21

An effective vaccine must produce significant concentrations of specific antibodies at _____ of ____ ____

Answer 21

points of viral entry

Question 22

A vaccine must induce protective immunity in a significant fraction of the population. __ ___ individual needs to be immunized to stop spread. This is called _____ ____ when it is sufficient to disrupt virus transmission. This threshold is agent and population specific, but is generally in the range of ___ to ___% of the population. If the percentage falls below this threshold, ____ can develop.

Answer 22

Not every; herd immunity; 80-95%; epidemics

Question 23

The protection from a vaccine must be ___-term in order to be worthwhile. If a lifetime immunity from a ____ ______ cant be provided, additional immunizations called ___ ___ are effective. What do these do? Protective immunity requires the proper ____ _____ is mounted in order to be effective.

Answer 23

long; single administration; booster shots; they stimulate waning immunity; immune response

Question 24

MMR stands for? What is the most successful type of it? What type of vaccine is it? What are the risks of this type of virus?

Answer 24

Measles, mumps, rubella; a live attenuated virus; the virions shouldn’t spread, a mild or inapparent disease occurs. Viral replication stimulates an immune response; An infection could spread to immunocompromised populations.

Question 25

What are the characteristics of an inactivated virus? What are the risks?

Answer 25

No infectivity or antigenicity; formalin or detergent treatment; used for flu vaccine; protection correlates with production of antibodies to HA; The risks are the virus would be infectious if not inactivated properly.

Question 26

What are the characteristics of fractionated virus?

Answer 26

Subunit vaccine; subset of viral proteins; specific viral proteins; selected if induce antibody and CTL response in survivors

Question 27

____ DNA methods enable cloning of viral genes into ___ ____ ___, bacteria, yeasts, insect cells, or plant cells to produce the ____ protein. What is this called?

Answer 27

Recombinant; nonpathogenic virus;

immunogenic; Live virus vector vaccine

Question 28

What is another cloning type vaccine? what is the third type?

Answer 28

A dna vaccine; using DNA expression to produce a structural protein and produce the immunogenic particle; virus-like particle vaccine

Question 29

How to make an attenuated vaccine?

Answer 29

Less virulent virus can be selected by growth in cells other than those of the normal host.
Mutants will then propagate better under these selective conditions. When the mutants are isolated and subsequently tested for pathogenicity in appropriate models, some may be less pathogenic than their parent

Question 30

How to make a vaccine via recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 30

Create an infectious DNA clone, cause many deletions, insertions, and point mutations.

Question 31

How to make a DNA vaccine?

Answer 31

DNA vaccine is DNA plasmid encoding a viral gene that can be expressed inside the animal cells. In the simplest case, this encodes the immunogenic viral protein only under control of a strong eukaryotic promoter

Question 32

Live virus vaccine vector virus

Answer 32

Nonpathogenic viruses can be engineered to produce selected viral proteins that can immunize a host against the pathogenic virus.

Question 33

Genes from a pathogenic virus are cloned into a nonpathogenic viral vector and used to infect an animal. What is an example of a vector commonly used?

Answer 33

vaccinia (chikcen pox)

Question 34

What is a potential issue with using inactive virions or purified proteins?What is an adjuvant? How do they work?

Answer 34

They don’t stimulate a strong immune response;
An immunostimulatory agent. They can work by presentation of antigen as particles, by localization of antigen to the site of inoculation and by direct stimulation of the intrinsic and innate immune responses, thereby shaping the adaptive immune response.

Question 35

Ideally, a vaccine does what to the immune system to prevent infection? When lots of individuals are immune to a virus, what does this do to the transmission cycle?

Answer 35

mobilizes the immune system. It disrupts host-host spread

Question 36

Primary infection by some virus such as poliovirus can be blocked only when a robust _____ response is evoked via ______. Alternatively, Herpesvirus requires a potent ____ _____ response. Therefore a vaccine must be _____ to fit its target in order to be effective.

Answer 36

antibody; vaccination; cell-mediated; tailored.