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Bio Pipeline 1 > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the main goal of therapeutic cancer vaccines?

A

to harness the immune system’s specificity to recognise, amplify responses against, and destroy tumour cells

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2
Q

name 3 viruses associated with T cell antigens identified in cancer research

A

human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B (HBV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

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3
Q

why did early therapeutic cancer vaccines show limited efficacy in advanced cancers?

A

advanced cancers have complex tumour microenvironments and immune evasion mechanisms that make them resistant to immune responses

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4
Q

what is the difference between prophylactic and therapeutic cancer vaccines?

A

prophylactic vaccines prevent cancer by targeting viruses that cause cancer, while therapeutic vaccines treat existing cancers by stimulating an immune response against tumour cells

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5
Q

give an example of a prophylactic cancer vaccine

A

the HPV vaccine helps prevent cervical cancer

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6
Q

name an FDA approved therapeutic cancer vaccine

A

provenge for metastatic prostate cancer

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7
Q

what are TAAs?

A

antigens that are overexpressed in tumours but can also be found at lower levels in normal tissues

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8
Q

what are neoantigens, and why are they significant in cancer vaccines?

A

neoantigens are unique to tumour cells due to mutations and are not found in normal tissues, making them ideal targets for personalised cancer vaccines

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9
Q

name two examples of tumour-specific antigens used in cancer vaccine research

A

HER2 and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT)

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10
Q

what role do APCs play in cancer vaccines?

A

APCs such as dendritic cells, present tumour antigens to T cells, initiating an immune response

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11
Q

explain the difference between MHC class 1 and MHC class 2 in antigen presentation

A

MHC class 1 presents antigens to CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic) and MHC class 2 presents to CD4+ T helper cells

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12
Q

why are dendritic cells considered the most potent APCs?

A

they activate both naive and memory T cells, making them crucial for strong cytotoxic T cell response

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13
Q

what was the median survival increase in the D9901 trial for Sipeluecel-T (Provenge)?

A

median survival increase of 4.5 months compared to placebo

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14
Q

why was Provenge significant in cancer vaccine development?

A

it was the first therapeutic cancer vaccine to be FDA approved

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15
Q

what type of cancer is T-VEC used to treat and what is its mechanism?

A

T-VEC is used for metastatic melanoma and is an oncolytic virus that selectively infects and kills tumour cells

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16
Q

what is one major reason cancer vaccines are challenging to develop?

A

the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment can inhibit effective immune responses

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17
Q

what % of people do NOT respond to checkpoint inhibition therapies?

A

50%

18
Q

how do combination therapies improve the efficacy of cancer vaccines?

A

combining vaccines with checkpoint inhibitors or adjuvants can enhance immune activation and overcome tumour immune evasion

19
Q

what are neoantigen-specific CTLs and why are they important?

A

they are T cells that target neoantigens making them effective at rejecting tumours

20
Q

describe the role of high neoantigen load in clinical outcomes

A

a high neoantigen load correlates with stronger T cell responses and improved clinical outcomes

21
Q

what is the purpose of mRNA in neoantigen vaccines?

A

mRNA is used to encode neoantigens, facilitating the generation of tumour-specific T cell responses

22
Q

what is the purpose of adjuvants in cancer vaccines?

A

adjuvants enhance the immune response to the vaccine antigens

23
Q

name an adjuvant that activates TLR4

A

monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL)

24
Q

what is the role of TLR7 in mRNA vaccine delivery?

A

TLR7 activation promotes dendritic cell maturation and a potent T cell response

25
Q

what antigen is targeted by NY-ESO-1 vaccines?

A

NY-ESO-1, a cancer-testis antigen expressed in certain tumours and normal testes cells

26
Q

describe the approach used in GlioVac for glioblastoma

A

GlioVac uses resected tumour tissue to create a personalised vaccine targeting residual glioblastoma cells

27
Q

how much of the brain tumour can usually be removed with surgery?

A

80%

28
Q

what was the outcome of the NeoVax phase 1 trial in melanoma patients?

A

4/6 patients had NO RECURRENCE for up to 32 months

29
Q

why is cytosolic delivery crucial for mRNA cancer vaccines?

A

cytosolic delivery ensures antigens are presented on MHC class 1, activating CD8+ T cells

30
Q

how do lipoplex formulations improve RNA vaccine efficacy?

A

lipoplex formulations enhance delivery to APCs, leading to strong immune responses even at low doses

31
Q

what is the function of poly-ICLC in cancer vaccines?

A

poly-ICLC is an adjuvant that stimulates TLR3, promoting an antiviral state and enhancing immune activation

32
Q

what was the primary outcome of the Keynote trial involving mRNA-4157?

A

65% reduction in risk of distant metastasis or death in high-risk melanoma patients

33
Q

in the IVAC MUTABOME study, what % of melanoma patients remained tumour-free after vaccination?

A

62%

34
Q

why is personalisation critical in neoantigen vaccine design?

A

each tumour has unique mutations, requiring tailored approaches to target specific neoantigens

35
Q

what dual mechanism is involved in targeting mRNA to dendritic cells?

A

it involves both adaptive, T-cell-mediated immunity and innate, IFN-mediated immunity

36
Q

how does checkpoint blockade work in cancer immunotherapy?

A

checkpoint inhibitors block proteins that suppress immune responses, allowing T cells to attack tumours

37
Q

what is the significance of the tumour microenvironment in cancer vaccine efficacy?

A

the tumour microenvironment can suppress immune responses, posing a barrier to effective vaccination

38
Q

what are two challenges in using neoantigens for cancer vaccines?

A

neoantigens are rare and difficult to predict, making it challenging to identify effective targets

39
Q

how do saponin-based adjuvant aid in cancer vaccination?

A

saponins enhance immune responses by promoting antigen presentation and uptake by APCs

40
Q

what does the high success rate of neoantigen vaccines in clinical trials suggest?

A

it suggests neoantigens are potent targets that can generate strong, tumour-specific immune responses

41
Q

describe the MS-based approach for neoantigen identificatino

A

mass spectrometry (MS) identifies tumour-specific antigens presented on MHC molecules, aiding in precise vaccine design

Bio Pipeline 1 (7 decks)

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