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Pre-Reg > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Where would you find information on vaccines?

A

The Green Book

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2
Q

What is Anthrax?

A

Anthrax, a serious infection caused by Bacillus anthracis, produces spores that can persist in the environment for extended periods. The infection begins when spores enter the body, germinate into bacteria, and release harmful toxins.

Mainly caught from CONTAMINATED MEAT PRODUCTS

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3
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Anthrax?

A

Black necrotic wound
Severe respiratory issues
Sever digestive problems
Fever
Sepsis
Meningitis

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4
Q

When is the Anthrax vaccine recommended

A

Those at high risk of exposure, including:

1) Certain laboratory workers
2) People handling animal products from high-risk areas,
3) Injecting heroin.

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5
Q

At what temperature should the Anthrax vaccine be stored?

A

2 - 8 degrees Celsius

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6
Q

What are the common side effects of the Anthrax vaccine?

A

Common side effects such as pain, swelling, or redness at the injection site may persist for two days or longer.

Use simple analgesia or muscle rub.

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7
Q

What does BCG stand for?

A

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

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8
Q

What condition does the BCG vaccine protect patients from?

A

Tuberculosis (TB)

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9
Q

What bacteria causes TB and what are the signs and symptoms?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Persistent cough, fever, night sweats, and
weight loss.

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10
Q

Is the BCG vaccine a live vaccine?

A

Yes - Live attenuated

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11
Q

When is the BCG vaccine indicated? (3)

A

1) Babies living in areas with high rates of TB.
2) People under 16 who have come from or have close family ties to high-incidence countries.
3) Healthcare workers who may be at occupational risk of TB exposure.

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12
Q

At what temperature should the BCG vaccine be stored?

A

2-8 degrees Celsius

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13
Q

What are the side effects of the BCG vaccine?

A

Scarring

A small abscess may form at the site of the injection, which may discharge and then heal; this is generally considered a normal response.

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14
Q

Should the BCG vaccine be given in pregnancy or immunosuppressed patients?

A

No

It is a live vaccine

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15
Q

Should the BCG vaccine be given in history of active or latent tuberculosis?

A

No

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16
Q

What is Cholera and what are its symptoms?

A

Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. It is primarily linked to inadequate access to clean water and sanitation facilities.

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17
Q

What pathogen causes Cholera?

A

Bacterium Vibrio cholerae.

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18
Q

What are features of the Cholera vaccine (Dukoral®)

A

Are administered as a liquid that needs reconstitution

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19
Q

When is the Cholera vaccine recommended?

A

Recommended for travellers to areas where cholera is prevalent, especially in settings of anticipated outbreaks.

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20
Q

Is the cholera vaccine a live vaccine?

A

Yes and No

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21
Q

What is the typical dosage regimen for the cholera vaccine?

A

Inactivated - Usually two doses, taken 1 to 6 weeks apart; children aged 2-5 may require a third dose.

Live - 1 dose, 10 days prior to exposure.

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22
Q

What are some adverse effects of the Cholera vaccine?

A

Mild stomach upset, nausea, and diarrhoea.

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23
Q

When is the Cholera vaccine contraindicated?

A

Acute gastrointestinal illness

Live - also pregnant and immunocompromised patients.

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24
Q

What is Diphtheria and what are its signs and symptoms?

A

Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection that spreads through respiratory droplets and can
cause severe damage to the respiratory system, heart, and nerves.

Initial symptoms: Sore throat, fever, and swollen glands in the neck.

Severe complications include the formation of a thick gray or white patch in the throat leading to breathing
difficulties, heart failure, paralysis, and even death.

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25
Q

How is the Diphtheria vaccine usually given to patients?

A

The diphtheria vaccine is usually given in combination with other vaccines, commonly known as the ‘The 6-in-1 Vaccine’.

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26
Q

What is the 6 in 1 Vaccine?

A

The 6-in-1 vaccine protects babies against six serious
illnesses

1) Diphtheria
2) Hepatitis B
3) Hib (Haemophilus influenza type b)
4) Polio
5) Tetanus
6) Whooping cough

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27
Q

When is the 6 in 1 Vaccine usually given to patients?

A

8, 12 and 16 weeks old.

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28
Q

Which vaccines are given at 8 weeks old?

A

1) 6 in 1 vaccine
2) Rotavirus vaccine
3) MenB vaccine

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29
Q

Which vaccines are given at 12 weeks old?

A

1) 6 in 1 vaccine (2nd dose)
2) Pneumococcal vaccine
3) Rotavirus vaccine (2nd dose)

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30
Q

Which vaccines are given at 16 weeks old?

A

1) 6 in 1 vaccine (3rd dose)
2) MenB vaccine (2nd dose)

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31
Q

Which vaccines are given at 1 years old?

A

1) Hib/MenC vaccine (1st dose)
2) MMR vaccine (1st dose)
3) Pneumococcal vaccine (2nd dose)
4) MenB vaccine (3rd dose)

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32
Q

Which vaccines are given from 2 to 15 years old?

A

Children’s flu vaccine (every year until children finish Year 11 of secondary school)

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33
Q

What vaccines are given at 3 years and 4 months old?

A

1) MMR vaccine (2nd dose)
2) 4-in-1 pre-school booster vaccine (diphtheria, polio, tetanus, whooping cough)

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34
Q

Which vaccine is given from 12-13 years old?

A

HPV vaccine

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35
Q

Which vaccines are given at 14 years old?

A

1) Td/IPV vaccine (3-in-1 teenage booster) - (tetanus, diptheria, polio)
2) MenACWY vaccine (meningitis and sepsis protection - if missed can be given up to age 25)

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36
Q

Which vaccines are given from 65 years old?

A

1) Flu vaccine (given every year after turning 65)
2) Pneumococcal vaccine
3) Shingles vaccine (if you turned 65 on or after 1st September)

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37
Q

Which vaccines are given from 70 - 79 years old?

A

Shingles vaccine

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38
Q

Which vaccines are given in pregnant women?

A

1) Flu vaccine during flu season
2) Whooping cough (pertussis) from 16 weeks pregnant

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39
Q

By what route is the 6 in 1 vaccine given to patients?

A

Intramuscular injection (IM)

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40
Q

At what temperature is the 6 in 1 Vaccine stored?

A

2-8 degrees Celsius

Protect from light

41
Q

What are common side effects of the 6 in 1 Vaccine?

A

Local reactions such as redness, swelling, and pain at the injection site are common.

42
Q

What is hepatitis B?

A

A viral infection that affects the liver
and can lead to chronic liver disease,
liver cancer, and death. It is transmitted
through contact with infected bodily
fluids, often from mother to child during
childbirth, through sexual contact, or
via contaminated needles.

43
Q

What vaccines must babies born to mothers with Hepatitis B take?

A

Vaccinated in the upper arm at birth, 4 weeks, and 12 months of age.

44
Q

By what route is the hepatitis B vaccine given?

A

Intramuscular (IM)

45
Q

How must the hepatitis B vaccine be stored?

A

Stored at 2-8 degrees Celsius

Protect from light

46
Q

When are annual vaccinations for influenza important?

A

For high risk populations

47
Q

What are the high risk population groups for influenza?

A

1) Chronic respiratory disease
2) Chronic heart and vascular disease
3) Chronic kidney and liver disease
4) Chronic neurological disease
5) Diabetes and adrenal insufficiency
6) Immunosuppression
7) Asplenia or dysfunction of the spleen
8) Pregnant women

48
Q

When is the flu vaccine free on the NHS?

A

It’s offered on the NHS every year in autumn or early winter.

You can get the free NHS flu vaccine if you:

Aged 65 or over
Long-term health conditions (High risk population groups)
Pregnant
Live in a care home
Main carer for an older or disabled person, or receive a carer’s allowance
Live with someone who has a weakened immune system

49
Q

What are the different types of influenza vaccines and when can they be used?

A

1) Standard dose flu shots: Administered intramuscularly

2) Nasal spray vaccines: Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) suitable for healthy non-pregnant individuals aged 2-49 years.

50
Q

Can you take the influenza vaccine if you have an egg allergy?

A

Individuals with egg allergies can safely receive inactivated influenza vaccines with very low ovalbumin content (<0.12 micrograms/ml) or an egg-free vaccine.
LAIV is also safe for egg-allergic children, except those with severe reactions requiring intensive care.

For children under 2 years, the preferred choice is the egg-free quadrivalent inactivated vaccine (QIVc).

51
Q

What must vaccination settings be equipped with before you can give a vaccination?

A

All vaccination settings must be equipped with adrenaline pens, and staff must be trained to recognise and treat anaphylaxis.

52
Q

What is the MMR vaccine?

A

The MMR vaccine is a combined vaccine that protects against three major viral diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella.

53
Q

Is the MMR vaccine a live vaccine?

A

Yes

It contains live, attenuated (weakened) forms of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses.

54
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of measles?

A

Viral infection

1) Initial Stage: High fever, cough, runny nose, and conjunctivitis (red, watery eyes).

2) Koplik’s Spots: Small white spots on the inside of the cheeks, appearing 2-3 days after initial symptoms.

3) Rash Development: A red, blotchy rash starts on the face, behind the ears and spreads downward across the body.

55
Q

What is the treatment for measles?

A

Hydration + Paracetamol

56
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of mumps?

A

Viral infection

1) Initial Stage: Include fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and loss of
appetite.

2) Gland Swelling: Painful swelling of the parotid glands is the hallmark of mumps, which can occur on one or both sides of the face

57
Q

What is the treatment for mumps?

A

Hydration + Rest + Paracetamol

58
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of rubella?

A

Viral infection

Initial Stage: Include low-grade fever, swollen glands (especially behind the
ears and at the back of the neck), and a rash that starts on the face and spreads
to the rest of the body.

Other symptoms: Mild red eyes and joint pain.

59
Q

What is the treatment for rubella?

A

Hydration + Rest + Paracetamol

60
Q

When are doses of MMR vaccine recommended?

A

First dose: 1 years of age
Second dose: 3 years and 4 months

61
Q

What happens if a pregnant woman contracts rubella during the first trimester?

A

Increased risk of severe birth defects in the baby, such as heart disorders, deafness, and brain damage.

62
Q

What is Pertussis?

A

Pertussis, commonly known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease spread through
respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

63
Q

What pathogen causes pertussis?

A

Bordetella pertussis

64
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pertussis?

A

Severe coughing spells, which may result in a “whooping” sound when breathing in; can lead to complications such as pneumonia and in severe cases, death, especially in infants.

Due to its highly contagious nature, early identification and treatment are crucial to prevent outbreaks.

65
Q

When is the pertussis vaccination usually given?

A

It is part of the 6 in 1 vaccination:
8, 12 and 16 weeks

Pregnant women from 16 weeks of pregnancy

66
Q

Is pertussis vaccine a live vaccine?

A

No

67
Q

Give examples of infections that can be caused by streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Pneumonia
Meningitis
Bacteraemia

68
Q

What are signs and symptoms of meningitis?

A

Non blanching rash, stiff neck, headache, confusion, and sensitivity to light.

69
Q

What age groups is the pneumococcal vaccination recommended?

A

1) Children under 2 years
(Given at 12 weeks with the 2nd dose of 6 in 1 and 2nd dose of rotavirus, and at 1 year with the first dose of Hib/MenC, 1st dose of MMR, and 3rd dose of MenB vaccine)

2) Adults over 65 years

70
Q

Is the pneumococcal vaccine given every year after turning 65?

A

No

The flu vaccine is :)

71
Q

What are the two types of pneumococcal vaccine?

A

1) PCV13 (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine)
2) PPV23 (Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine)

72
Q

What is the PCV13 (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine)?

A

Targets 13 types of
pneumococcal bacteria. Primarily given to babies < 2 years

73
Q

What is the PPV23 (Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine)

A

Covers 23 types of pneumococcal bacteria, recommended for all adults over 65 and children > 2 years.

74
Q

Is the pneumococcal vaccine live?

A

No

75
Q

Is the polio vaccine live?

A

No

76
Q

When is the polio vaccine usually given?

A

It is a part of the 6-in-1 Vaccine.

Given at 8 weeks, 12 weeks, and 16 weeks

77
Q

What is rabies?

A

Rabies is a deadly viral infection that affects the central nervous system, leading to acute encephalitis. It is caused by the rabies virus and transmitted through the bite or scratch of an infected animal, commonly from dogs, bats, and other wild mammals.

78
Q

What are the symptoms of rabies?

A

Early symptoms include fever, headache, and general discomfort, which may progress to more severe symptoms such as anxiety, confusion, paralysis, agitation, hallucinations, and hydrophobia (fear of water)

79
Q

Who is the rabies vaccination recommended for?

A

Individuals who are at risk of exposure to rabies:

Veterinarians
Animal handlers
Travelers to areas where rabies is common

80
Q

By what route is the rabies vaccination given?

A

Intramuscular (IM)

81
Q

When is the Rotavirus vaccination usually given?

A

At 8 weeks and 12 weeks

82
Q

Is the Rotavirus vaccine a live vaccine?

A

Yes

83
Q

By what route of administration is the Rotavirus vaccine given?

A

Oral

84
Q

What pathogen causes tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani

85
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of tetanus?

A

Early signs include jaw cramping (lockjaw), muscle stiffness in the neck, difficulty swallowing, and rigid
abdominal muscles. Spasms and convulsions may occur as the infection progresses.

86
Q

How is tetanus transmitted?

A

From spores found in the environment e.g. SOIL

It is not transmitted from person to person

87
Q

When is the tetanus vaccine usually given?

A

It is a part of the 6-in-1 Vaccine:

8 weeks, 12 weeks, and 16 week

88
Q

What is the treatment for clinically suspected tetanus?

A

Human intravenous
immunoglobulin (IVIG)

89
Q

What pathogen causes Typhoid fever?

A

Salmonella Typhi

90
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of typhoid?

A

Symptoms: High fever, weakness, stomach pains, headache, and loss of appetite.

Severe Cases: Intestinal bleeding or perforation, leading to life-threatening complications.

91
Q

When should the typhoid vaccination be given?

A

At least one month prior to travel.

92
Q

Can the Typhoid vaccine be given to immunocompromised patients?

A

Yes - IM
No - Oral

93
Q

Where are the majority of typhoid fever cases caught?

A

India, Pakistan, or Bangladesh

94
Q

How do you catch yellow fever?

A

Through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes

95
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of yellow fever?

A

Initial symptoms include sudden onset of fever, chills, severe headache, back pain, general body aches,
nausea, and vomiting.

As the disease progresses, it can lead to jaundice (which gives the disease its name due to the yellowing of the skin and eyes), bleeding, and organ damage.

Viral hemorrhagic disease - bleeding from the mouth, nose, eyes, or stomach, and blood in the vomit or stool.

96
Q

Is the yellow fever vaccine live?

A

Yes

97
Q

By what route is the yellow fever vaccine given?

A

Subcutaneous

98
Q

Can the yellow fever vaccine be given with the MMR vaccine?

A

No

there should be a separation of 28 days between both vaccines.

Pre-Reg (6 decks)

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