vaccines Flashcards
Vaccines administered by pharmacists in ROI
COVID-19 vaccines
seasonal influenza vaccine
herpes zoster vaccine (shingles)
pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
Vaccination
IMMUNATION: the act of artificially inducing immunity or providing protection from disease
primes the immune system to antigens of a particular microbe so the first infection induces a secondary response
depends on the ability of lymphocytes to develop into memory cells, enhancing adaptive immunity
active vs passive immunisation
active immunisation: induces the body’s immune system to produce antibodies/cell-mediated immunity to protect against the infectious agent by administration of toxoid or vaccine
passive immunisation: provides temporary protection through administration of exogenously produced antibodies
Vaccine types
attenuated: alive, but cannot cause disease in humans. either naturally (eg BCG) or artificially avirulent (eg polio)
killed: inactivated by heat/formaldehyde (eg polio)
subunit: contains antigens or components of a microbe (HepB)
viral vectors: a live avirulent virus is forced to make and display an antigen (janssen covid-19)
how to artificially attenuate a virus
place it in a culture of non-human cells. for polio monkey kidney cells are used
repeat growth in those monkey cells until the virus develops the ability to bind and attack monkey kidney cell, and loses the ability to attack human cells while still displaying antigens to provoke immune response
eg. polio, measles, rubella, mumps, varicella
polio virus
enterovirus, +ss RNA
binds to CD155 via VP1, and injects rna into cell
shuts off host transcription as it produces vast amounts of copies, taking only 15 minutes to make a polyprotein
destroys host cells in hours
faecal oral route
replicates in the tonsillar lymphoid tissue
destroys motor neurons and anterior horns of the spinal cord
Sabin polio vaccine OPV
oral polio vaccine
3 types. type 1 has base pair substitutions, type 2 and 3 have 2 mutations
however type 2 and 3 have reversions (return to being infective in humans) so not used in Ireland
Measles
measles paramyxovirus
-ss RNA
symptoms: fever, rash, cough, painful eyes, swollen glands, loss of appetite
5-10 days
compilations: pneumonia, convulsions, meningitis, affects blood clotting, death
mumps
mumps paramyxovirus
symptoms: painful and swollen glands, fever, headache, loss of appetite
7-10 days
complications: MENINGITIS, encephalitis, permanent hearing loss
Rubella
Rubella togavirus
+ss RNA
low grade fever, headache, conjunctivitis, sore throat, loss of appetite, catastrophic in infants
3 days
complications: encephalitis, spontanious abortions, congenital rubella syndrome (blindness, heart issues, deafness)
killed vaccines
if attenuation is not possible or reversion is too rapid
often seen in veterinary medicine
eg. Salk polio vaccine (inactivated polio vaccine), rabies, hepatitis A
salmonella typhi vaccine
causes typhoid fever
attenuated vaccine removes lipopolysaccharide from the outside of the cell membrane so it cannot cause infection
there’s also a killed vaccine
subunit vaccines
hepatitis b - for the surface antigen
tetanus is actually harmless without the toxins, so only need protection from the toxoid
toxoids are deactivated by formaldehyde meaning there is antigenicity without toxicity
covid - mRNA for a spike protein
pneumococci - polysaccharide capsule, glycoconjugate
stick a polysaccharide onto a protein for the b cell to recognise
6in1 vaccine
diphtheria
tetanus
whooping cough (aP)
meningitis (hib)
hepatitis b
polio (IPV)
Other vaccines
menc - meningitis
menb - meningitis
pcv - meningitis
rotarix - diarrhoea
men ACWY - meningitis
