Vaccines Flashcards
What part of the immune system are vaccines targeting?
- Adaptive immunity and its memory
Anamnestic immune response
- Denoting an enhanced reaction of the body’s immune system to an antigen which is related to one that has been seen before
- Using memory
Vaccine induced immunity
- Vaccination introduces pathogen in some form to the body and its cells
- Immune response occurs
- Immunity to the pathogen will peak and then begin to decrease
»>Duration will fizzle off
Booster immunizations
- Primary vaccination occurs and immune response occurs
Before the immune response dips too low, will give a booster vaccine
- This way we are not relying on memory and are extending length of protection
- ** Can let it dip below and force memory to activate immune response but it is risky and some individuals may not be able to survive
Concept of vaccination history
- 1796- Edward Jenner vaccinated against smallpox by using cowpox (vaccinia) infected material
- 200BC- Inoculation and vaccination by blowing antigen into nose
Vaccines as lifesavers
- The most effective preventative measure
- Looked at average of cases in 3 years prior to vaccination and saw a 93%-100% decrease in infection across 6 diseases
Administration routes
- Injection
- Oral
- intranasal
- Skin-patch
- Edible
Economic value of vaccines
- Effective means of preventing infectious disease
- Cost effective by increasing health status
o Better feed conversion
o Better carcass weight
o Decreases mortality
o Avoids use of antibiotics
The “ideal vaccine”
- Fast onset
- Long duration of immunity
- Highly effective (both prophylactic and therapeutic)
- Efficient in all age groups and niche populations
- Safe, no side effects
- Cost effective
- Easy to store, transport, and administer
- DIVA vaccine
Prophylactic vs. therapeutic vaccines
- Prophylactic: vaccines given to healthy animals as a preventative
- Therapeutic: treating animals that are already ill
DIVA
- Differentiate infected from vaccinated animals
- Important to prove that the animal was vaccinated and so has antibodies, BUT that they are disease free and never actually had the disease
o Allows for country or barn to be considered disease free, and supports trade
How do DIVA vaccines work?
- The vaccine will have a marker (often a removed/deleted protein) that is different than the infection.
Example: Infection has 3 proteins that body will create antibodies for. Vaccine will only have 2 proteins, and will therefore only make antibodies for 2 proteins.
Why can’t you add another marker and make it a DIVA vaccine?
Because antibodies would still be made for the other proteins present in the vaccine so you couldn’t be sure that the individual had not been infected as well
What is a vaccine?
- A substance that is given to stimulate a primary immune response
- This immune response will prepare our body for contact with the actual disease or illness and once we come into contact with the pathogen, our body is able to mount a secondary immune response and hopefully avoid serious disease
Vaccine components
- Antigen
- Adjuvants
- Diluents, stabilizers, preservatives, trace components