Vaccines Flashcards
What type of vaccine requires refrigeration?
Live, attenuated vaccine
What vaccines are in our National Childhood Immunisation Schedule?
- BCG
- Hepatitis B
- DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis)
- Tdap (tetanus, reduced diphtheria, pertussis)
- Inactivated poliovirus
- Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)
- Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV10 or PCV13)
- Pneumoccocal polysaccharide (PPSV23)
- MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
- VAR (varicella)
- Human papillomavirus (HPV2 or HPV4)
- Influenza (INF)
When should you avoid live attenuated vaccines?
- pregnant
- infancy
- severely immunocompromised (hematologic/solid organ malignancies, immunosuppressive meds/chemo, HIV CD4 <100)
- live vaccine within 28 days
- 3-10 months apart from Ig products (immunoglobulins, blood)
Name 2 recombinant vaccines
HPV
Hepatitis B
What are some common adverse effects of vaccines?
- headache
- pain at injection site
- myalgia
- (less common) fever, hematoma
What is the MOA of live attenuated vaccines?
Weaken virus by passing it through a tissue culture in which it replicates poorly -> activates killer T cells
1-2 doses are enough for lifelong immunity
___ vaccine is unable to cause disease or to spread.
Toxoid
What types of vaccines require boosters?
- Inactivated (whole, killed)
- Subunit (protein, polysaccharide or conjugated)
- Toxoid
How are inactivated vaccines made?
Pathogen treated with heat or chemicals to kill it
- easy to store and transport
Why are booster doses required?
antibody concentration decreases over time -> boosters maintain protective levels of immunity
What are some severe adverse effects of vaccines?
Anaphylaxis
Hypersensitivity
What are the vaccines in our National Adult Immunisation Schedule?
(shared with NCIS)
- Influenza
- PCV13
- PPSV23
- Tdap
- HPV2 or HPV4
- HepB
- MMR
- VAR
Name 3 live attenuated vaccines
MMR
VAR
Rotavirus
Name 3 inactivated vaccines
Polio
Hepatitis A
Rabies
Contraindications for vaccines
- Allergy to vaccine or components
- Moderate/severe illness w/ fever >38C
- Bleeding risk - precaution (low platelet or anti-coagulants)
- Pregnancy (live attenuated)
- Immunocompromised (live attenuated)
How does herd immunity work?
Most community members are protected (including un-immunized individuals) because enough are immunized to contain the spread of disease.
How are toxoid vaccines made?
Toxin produced by the pathogen is deactivated and used to produce the immune response
Stable and easy to distribute
Name 2 toxoid vaccines.
Diphtheria
Tetanus
How are recombinant vaccines manufactured?
Genetic engineering
contain no actual virus (e.g. HepB, HPV) or modified strain (live oral typhoid)
Which type of vaccine is particularly hard to manufacture?
subunit vaccine
Name 4 subunit vaccines.
- Pertussis
- Pneumococcus
- HepB
- Influenza
What should you do if you miss a dose of vaccine?
Take the next dose as soon as possible, additional doses are usually not required
What vaccine cannot be used with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV?)
Meningococcal conjugate vaccine cannot be used with PCV in patients with functional or anatomical asplenia
-> space 4 weeks to prevent interference
Which vaccines are to be given in adults who have not been previously vaccinated, or lack evidence of past infection/immunity?
HPV
HepB
MMR
VAR
For adults aged >65, which vaccines should they receive?
Influenza
PCV13
PPSV23
What are some common components of vaccines? Name 5
Adjuvant: enhance immune response (Al(OH)3, AlPO4)
Antibiotics: prevent bacterial contamination during manufacturing
Stabilisers: inorganic Mg salts (sulfate, chloride), mix lactose/sorbitol/gelatin, MSG, glycine
Preservatives: e.g. thiomersal for multi-dose vaccines, phenol, phenoxyethanol
Trace components: purposefully removed after manufacturing e.g formaldehyde
