vaccines Flashcards
differentiate adaptive and innate immunity
plus give examples of innate immunity like physical and physiological
innate :
- 1st line of defence
- physical like skin or mucus
- physiological like acid, temp
- immediate protection and in place before expose
- non specific , no memory
adaptive
- develops slowly over days
- specific against an antigen
- after exposure
- memory
what do lymphocytes do
produce antibodies/immunoglobulins and they mark pathogens for destruction by other cells of the immune system
describe the process of adaptive immunity
- initial pathogen invasion
= engulfed by dendritic cells
= processes the pathogens into antigens and migrate to the lymph nodes
= antigen presenting cells ( APCs) shows antigens to T cells
= proliferation of activated b and t cells into effector cells and some into memory b and t cells
= effector cells immediately eliminate the pathogen while memory cells provides protection for subsequent exposure
what do plasma b cells produce
and what is the function of whatever they produce
antibodies that bind to antigens to prevent them from entering cells and marking them for destruction by the killer t cells
what happens during second exposure to an antigen
memory cells get activated
= generation of the secondary response
with shorter lag time between exposure and production of response
live vaccine
what it is and
advantages and disadvantaes
live
- virus weakened by passing thru tissue culture which it replicates poorly
- more immunogenic
activates t cells
1-2 doses = lifelong immunity
-ve :
- can replicate in the body and uncontrolled replication could occur = manifestation of th edisease
- cold chain v impt, must be refrigerTED
-less safe for people with weakened immune system
eg hematologic/solid organ malignnacies/ immunosuppresive meds or chemo , hiv w CD<200
- must be spaces apart from other vaccines after 28 days
- must be spaced apart from other antibody containing products eg blood transfusion or immunoglobulins for 2-10 months
- not given to babies bc of mothers antibodies
- cant give to pregnant woman
what is inactivated vaccine and -ve , +ve
what - pathogen treated with heat or chemicals to kill it before intro into the body
POS
- eays to store , low risk of causing infection
neg
- weaker immune response
- may need booster or several doses
what is subunit vaccine and +ve, -ve
for disadvantage think abt the production process of these
what - 1 or more parts of a pathogen such as protein are isolated and used to evoke immune response
pos
- low risk of ar
- can be used for people with weak immune system
neg
- difficult to manufacture
- may need booster
what is toxoid vaccine and +ve , -ve
what - toxin produced by the pathogen is deactivated and used to produce immune response
pos
- cant cause disease oand cant spread
- stable, can distribute easily
neg
- may need booster
what is recombinant vaccine +ve and -ve
vaccines made w genetic engineering
may contain no actual virus or contain modified strain of virus
eg hep b or hpv
live vaccines cant be given to who /precautions
- preg
- infancy
- immunocompromised
eg , solid organ malignancies, hematologic
immunosuppressive meds or chemo
hiv w cd4 < 200 - space apart form another live vaccine for 28 days
- space apart from other antibody containing products for 3-10 months eg immunoglobulins or blood transfusion
what vaccines used for preventing resp/airbone or droplet transmission diseases ( 8 )
- influenza
- pneumococcus
- meningococcus
- diptheria/pertussis
- haemophilus influenzae
- measles , mumps , rubella
- chickenpox
- BCG ( tb )
vaccines given for infections transmitted by food and water
Hep A
typhoid
cholera
rotavirus
vaccines for vector borne transmissions
( mosquitos ) yellow fever japanese encephalitis dengue ' malaria in development
vaccines for blood and body fluids transmitted infections
Hep b
HPV
vaccines for contact transmissions eg bites/cuts
tetanus
rabies
shingles
herd immunity concept
high vaccination rate to prevent people who are not vaccinated due to health conditions
-people who need to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity depends on how contagious virus is
list vaccines in the national childhood immunisation schedule ( ncis ) 12)
- hep b
- inf - infleunza
- VAR - varicella
- MMR - measles mumps and rubella
- BCG -bacilllus calmette gurein
dTap - diphteria, tetanus, acellular pertussis
Tdap - tetanus reduced diphtheria and acellular pertussis
IPV - inactivated poliovirus
Hib - haemophilius influenzae type b
PCV10 or PCV13 - pneumococcal conjugate
PPSV23- pneumococcal polysaccharide
HPV2 or HPV4 - human papillomavirus
list vaccines in the national adult immunisation schedule 8
Hep b INF MMR VAR Tdap PCV13 PPSV23 HPV2 OR HPV4
is it true that vaccines effectiveness varies by vaccines
true , there may be some non responders
3 factor affecting effectiveness
site given eg hep a/b in detoids not glutes
age and immune status - influenza less effective in 80
cold chain problems
adverse effects of vaccines
mild and common
uncommon
severe and rare
mild and common
- pain @ inj site , headache, myalgia
uncommon
fever, hematoma ( swelling w blood )
severe but rare
- anaphylaxis & hypersensitivity
precautions for vaccines - why not given at this time
mod to severe illness, fever > 38 deg bleeding risk - on anticoags or low platelet count live vaccine during pregnancy live vaccine if immunocompromised ALLERGY - avoid
t/f most vaccines can be given simul without inc adr or reducing efficacy
true
which 2 vaccines shld be avoided giving tgt and why
pcv - pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and meningococcal conjugate vaccine in patient wiht functional or anatomical asplenia ( absence of spleen )
give 4 week apart to avoid interference between both vaccines
live vaccines given IM or SC shld be spaced how far apart
28 days
what happens if missed dose
give asap
most cases- dont need additional dose
what are stablilisers added for
and give an example of a stabiliser
ensure components remain stable and effective
inorganic mg salts or mixture of lactose sorbitol and gelatin
what are preservatives for
and give example of a preservative
prevent contamination of vaccines
- mainly for multi dose vaccines
common _ thiomersal
what are trace components in vaccines
and what is an example why it was included too
left over vaccine production process
removed but traces remain
eg formaldehyde used to deactivate viruses and detoxify bacteria
why are AB added in vaccines
prevent bacterial contamination during production
- removed later and residual quantities remain
why are adjuvants added to vaccines
think of adjuvants- ad - additional benefit
enhance body’s immune response to the vaccine
help keep antigens near site of injection
so immune cells can easily access it
why are the active components added in vaccine
- in the form of virus , bact ot toxin that causes the disease is used as an antigen
modified from the original form so it dosent cause disease but elicits immune response - treated w chemicals so it cannot replicate
- can also be treated so it does not cause serious disease or only parts of the disease-causing agent that dont cause serious symptoms are used
