Vaccine Preventable Diseases - SP Flashcards
1
Q
Infectious Disease in Global Health
A
- Single most important contributors to human morbidity and mortality throughout history
- Mortality has declined over past 150 years in high-income countries
- In low- and middle-income countries they remain issues of significance
2
Q
Role of poverty
A
- Malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies associated with increased risk of sever morbidity and mortality
- Lack of education
- Poor access to clean drinking water
- Inability to dispose properly of human waste
- Household crowding
- Lack of access to health care
3
Q
Strategies to control infectious diseases
A
- Vector control (malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and onchocerciasis)
- Vaccinations (smallpox, measles, polio, neonatal tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, meningococcal meningitis and yellow fever, human papilloma virus)
- Mass chemotherapy (some parasites)
- Improved sanitation and access to clean water(diarrheal diseases)
4
Q
Control
A
- Reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity or mortality to a locally acceptable level as a result of deliberate efforts;
- Continued intervention measures are required to maintain the reduction
- Malaria
- Neonatal tetanus
- Cholera
- TB
- Schistosomiasis
- Diarrheal disease
- ARI
- AIDS
- STIs
- Leprosy
5
Q
Elimination of disease
A
- Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts;
- Continued intervention measures are required
- Rabies
- Trachoma
6
Q
Elimination of infection
A
- Reduction to zero of the incidence of infection caused by a specific agent in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts;
- Continued measures to prevent reestablishment of transmission are required
- River blindness
7
Q
Eradication
A
- Permanent reduction to zero of a worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts;
- Intervention measures are no longer needed
- Polio
- Measles
- Guinea worm
8
Q
Extinction
A
- The specific infectious agent no longer exists in nature or in the laboratory
- Extinction of smallpox is possible, although concerns about use in bioterrorism prevent destruction of the last known stocks of the virus
- Smallpox
9
Q
Poliomyelitis
A
- 3 known serotypes (1, 2, and 3)
- Fecal-oral transmission
- Ingestion of virus leads to asymptomatic or mild, self-limiting infection and shedding of virus from throat to GI tract in most persons
- 1/100 to 1/850 develop symptomatic polio with or without paralysis
10
Q
Symptomatic Poliomyelitis
A
-Primarily affects 1 or both legs
-Of those developing paralysis:
~10% die acutely
~10%-15% permanently unable to walk
~10%-15% unable to walk normally
11
Q
Poliomyelitis: Initial symptoms
A
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Headache
- Vomiting
- Stiffness in neck
- Pain in limbs
- Paralysis (can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours)
- 5%-10% die due to respiratory paralysis
12
Q
Poliomyelitis: Epidemiology
A
- Mainly affects children under 5 years of age
- One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis
- Cases decreased by over 99% since 1988
- 223 cases globally in 2012
- 2013 only 3 countries polio endemic: Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan
13
Q
Poliomyelitis: Tx
A
- No cure
- Treatment entirely supportive
- Can only be prevented through multiple vaccination (series of 3) providing life-time protection
14
Q
Polio Immunizations
A
Killed injectable polio vaccine (IPV)
Live oral polio vaccine (OPV)
- Available since 1960s
- Extremely low cost ($0.02- $0.11/dose)
- Ease of administration
- Intestinal induced immunity prevents oral-fecal transmission
- Lower immunity in low- and middle-income countries
15
Q
Measles
A
- Caused by virus in the paramyxovirus family
- Grows in the cells that line back of throat and lungs
- Virus spread via respiratory route
- Easily transmitted and highly infectious
- In the absence of vaccine-induced immunity, virtually every child can be expected to develop measles if the virus is circulating in the community
