Vaccine Preventable Diseases Flashcards
Meningococcal disease
Bacterial Diseases
Characteristic: Occult bacteremia; Meningococcemia; Meningococcal meningitis
Nursing care: Hospitalization mandatory- can spread quickly; IV antibiotics pending cultures; Vaccine: Menactra/Menveo 2-doses given at 11-12 yrs. and second at 16 yrs (Bexero or Trumenba: MenB Vaccines – NOT Interchangeable with other types – same vaccine must be used)
Complications: caused by inflammation, intravascular hemorrhage, organ necrosis, shock. Can leave survivors with mental disability/delays, loss of limbs and digits (fingers/toes), can cause Death
Diphtheria
Bacterial Diseases
Characteristic: sore throat-causes pseudomembrane (white or gray in color) covering pharynx/larynx with mild fever, thick nasal discharge and lymphadentitis, weakness
Nursing care: Antibiotic tx.; Vaccine: DTaP, Tdap (“D” and “d” component)
Complication: Airway obstruction/suffocation, Swelling of the heart muscle (myocarditis), septic shock, heart failure, coma, paralysis, death
Tetanus
Bacterial Diseases
Characteristic: Stiffness in neck and abdominal muscles, difficulty swallowing, muscle spasms, fever
Nursing care: Antibiotic tx.; Vaccine: DTap, Tdap (“T” component)
Complication: Broken bones, breathing difficulty, death
Pertussis
Bacterial Diseases
Characteristic: Severe cough, runny nose, apnea (a pause in breathing in infants)
Nursing care: Antibiotic tx.; Young infants <6 weeks of age and infants who have not completed 2, 4, and 6 month vaccines are most at risk; Vaccinate during pregnancy (27-36 weeks); Vaccine: DTap, Tdap (“P” and “p” components)
Complication: Pneumonia, seizures, permanent brain damage, severe Respiratory Distress, & death
Pneumococcal Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Characteristic: Depends on the disease (Pneumonia, Otitis Media (ear infection), Meningitis, Sepsis/Bacteremia (young infants can be asymptomatic))
Nursing care: Supportive and specific antibiotics for condition; Vaccine: PCV13 (Prevnar) and PPSV23 (given to people who are immunocompromise)(Given to high risk children >2 with conditions such as congenital heart disease, organ transplant, leukemia, etc)
Complication: Severe prognosis of the presenting disease/condition and death
Haemophilus Influenza B (Hib) Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Characteristic: Depends on the disease (Epiglottitis (can enlarge), Pneumonia, Bacteremia, Meningitis, Septic arthritis, Cellulitis, Otitis media, Pericarditis
Nursing care: ABX treatment specific to disease/condition; Vaccine: Hib
Complication: Severe prognosis of the presenting disease/condition and death
Varicella
Chicken Pox
Viral Diseases
Characteristic: Prodromal symptoms are not always present but may include low grade fever, anorexia, mild abdominal pain; Rash progresses from macular spots to teardrop vesicles that break open and crust over; Lesions can be present on mucosal tissue
Nursing care: Supportive, usually benign; Patient and family education; If unvaccinated must stay home for symptom observation so not to spread illness (if close contact occurred); Return to school when all lesions are crusted over; No aspirin!; Vaccine: Varicella (Given: 1st dose at 12-15 months (d/t maternal antibodies may neutralize if given prior); Localized pain, erythema; May develop pox-like rash 10-14 days after; Outbreak ‘boosters- may be given if not fully immunized)
Complication: infected blisters, bleeding disorders and encephalitis
Influenza
Viral Diseases
Characteristic: Sudden onset of high fever, headache, chills, vertigo, sore throat, myalgia, dry cough; Young children may have N/V, croup; Infants will appear septic; Lower respiratory tract involvement/pneumonia in severe infection
Nursing care: Vaccine: Annual Influenza vaccine (6 months and older: 2 doses first full year/season, then 1 dose every year after); Supportive – bed rest, OTC antipyretics, fluids; Observe for worsening symptoms; Antiviral therapy for immunocompromised or those with chronic diseases at risk for complications (Tamiflu); Patient and family education (hand hygiene)
Complication: Non-Anaphylactic egg-sensitive pts. MAY receive inactivated influenza vaccine (not nasal spray); Anaphylactic Egg Allergy: Contraindication- Refer to Allergist (non-egg Flu vaccines are now available in limited quantities)
Measles
Rubeola
Viral Diseases
Characteristic: Prodromal symptoms can include URI symptoms, low to moderate fever; Koplik spots-bluish white granules (in the mouth) on erythematous background; Rash develops on 3rd or 4th day (contagious 1-2 days before)
Nursing care: Supportive care; Exposed individuals can receive vaccine within 72 hours or immunoglobulin to prevent or modify disease; Vaccine: MMR (1st dose 12 thru 15 months (d/t maternal antibodies may neutralize if given prior) and 2nd dose 4-5 yr. wcc.)(responsible for most adverse reactions- may develop maculopapular rash afterwards); Outbreak boosters may be given if not fully immunized
Complication: myocarditis, purpura fulminans (can turn hemorrhagic), encephalitis, death
Mumps
Viral Diseases
Characteristic: Painful enlargement of salivary (usually parotid) glands and testicular inflammation; Prodromal stage – rare (fever, headache, anorexia, neck pain, malaise); Swelling stage – one or both parotid glands; orchitis in males after puberty (can last 1-3 yrs if not tx.)”Puffy Cheeks”
Nursing care: Supportive care; corticosteroids or NSAIDs; Monitor testes (test sperm) & ovaries; Vitamin A; Vaccine: MMR (1st dose 12 thru 15 months (d/t maternal antibodies may neutralize if given prior) and 2nd dose 4-5 yr. wcc.)(few adverse reactions); Outbreak boosters may be given if not fully immunized
Complication: Can affect fertility; Can affect ovaries/testes; Be aware of airway
Rubella
German Measles
Viral Diseases
Characteristic: (25% will not have symptoms!) mild fever, sore throat, arthralgia, headache, lymphadenopathy, rash
Nursing care: Vaccine: MMR; Supportive, antipyretics; Keep home from day care/school (1st dose 12 thru 15 months (d/t maternal antibodies may neutralize if given prior) and 2nd dose 4-5 yr. wcc.)(give to females >13 who do not have documented immunity); Outbreak boosters may be given if not fully immunized
Complication: Very serious in pregnant women can lead to stillbirth, prematurity, & birth defects
Hepatitis A
Viral Diseases
Characteristic: 10% of young children develop jaundice, only 30% are symptomatic (allows for rapid spread); Fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, dark urine, jaundice
Nursing care: Supportive care; Good hand hygiene, especially with diaper changes; Immunoglobulin or HAV vaccine within 2 weeks of exposure; Good personal hygiene; safe drinking water; Vaccine: Hepatitis A (need 6 months between doses)
Complication: Hepatic failure
Hepatitis B
Viral Diseases
Characteristic: Most at early age are asymptomatic; Fever, nausea, mild hepatomegaly; Later, more severe icteric phase
Nursing care: Specialist referral for chronic management; Vaccine: Hep B (first dose given shortly after birth)
Complication: Chronic hepatic or liver failure
Polio
Viral Diseases
Characteristic: May shown few/no sx. or sore throat, fever, nausea, headache, abdominal pain to severe pain and stiffness in neck, back and legs & arthralgia
Nursing care: Vaccine: IPV
Complication: Permanent paralysis, respiratory distress, and death
Rotavirus
Viral Diseases
Characteristic: Fever, Severe diarrhea: white/pasty very foul smelling (rotten eggs) x 1-3 weeks, severe vomiting & anorexia
Nursing care: Hydration: PO Fluids or IV (admit); Good handwashing!; Vaccine: Rotateq or Rotarix (oral vaccine); History of intussusception is a contraindication
Complication:
