Vaccine-Preventable Bacteria Flashcards
Active immunization
Acquired via exposure to foreign antigens.
Slow onset.
Long-lasting protection (memory).
Natural infections, vaccines, toxoid.
Combo of active and passive immunizations can be given for Hep B or rabies.
Passive immunization
Acquired via receiving preformed antibodies.
Rapid onset.
Short span of antibodies (1/2 life=3 weeks).
IgA in breast milk.
Maternal IgG crossing placenta.
Antitoxin, humanized monoclonal antibody.
To Be Healed Very Rapidly- after exposure give unvaccinated pts preformed antibodies to:
Tetanus toxin, Botulinum toxin, Hbv, Varicella, or Rabies virus
Conjugate vaccines
Polysaccharide + protein
T-independent antigens like polysaccharides aren’t recognized by kids <2, so add a protein.
Bordetella pertussis
Gram -, aerobic, coccobacillus.
Virulence factors: pertussis toxin (disables Gi by ribosylation –> ^cAMP) & tracheal cytotoxin (damages cilitated epithelium of respiratory tract) & extracellular adenylate cyclase (like anthrax edema factor).
Adhesive factors: filamentous hemagglutinin & pertactin.
Whooping cough.
Prevented by Tdap, DTap vaccines.
Macrolides for early tx in respiratory tract.
May be mistaken for viral infection due to lymphocytic infiltrate from the immune response.
Catarrhal phase - 1-2 weeks - non-specific symptoms.
Paroxysmal phase - 2 weeks-2 months - whooping cough (usu kids).
Convalescent phase - up to 3 months - gradual decline in symptoms.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Gram + rod. Club shape in Y or V formation. Chinese characters.
Diphtheria.
Exotoxin encoded by beta-prophage - inhibits protein synthesis via ADP-ribosylation of EF-2.
Sx: pseudomembranous pharyngitis w lymphadenopathy (Bull neck), myocarditis, arrhythmia.
Lab dx: gram + rods w metachromatic blue and red granules, + Elek test for toxin.
Black colonies on cystine-tellurite agar.
Toxoid vaccine. Not in US anymore bc we vaccinate.
Tx: passive therapy w horse anti-toxin.
