Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PY367 Vaccines > Vaccine Platforms > Flashcards

Vaccine Platforms Flashcards

1
Q

outline the different vaccine platforms

A
  1. live (attenuated)
  2. killed (inactivated)
  3. purified proteins ( including Mabs) and toxoids
  4. recombinant proteins
  5. virus like particle
  6. polysaccharide
  7. glycoconjugate
  8. viral vector
  9. mRNA vaccines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are monovalent vaccines

A

designed to immunise against a single antigen or single microorganism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a multivalent vaccine

A

designed to immunise against 2 or more strains/isolates of the same microorganism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a combination vaccine

A

designed to immunise against multiple organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a heterologous vaccine

A

confers protective immunity against a pathogen that shares cross reacting antigens with the micro-organisms in the vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the properties of inactivated vaccines

A
  1. virus/bacteria grown in culture
  2. organism inactivated physically (heat, radiation) or chemically (formalin)
  3. test for inactivation before use
  4. usually no cold chain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the properties of attenuated vaccines

A
  1. virus/bacteria repeatedly passaged in cells or chick embryos until virulence lost
  2. or genome specifically modified
  3. test for virulence before use
  4. requires cold chain
  5. attenuation due to mutation of specific genes when cultured in non human cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

compare the safety between inactivated and attenuated vaccines

A
  • killed- safe, cannot revert to virulence
  • attenuated- target groups only, potential for infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

compare the stability between inactivated and attenuated vaccines

A
  1. killed- stable, may not require cold chain
  2. attenuated- varies, often requires cold chain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

compare the target groups between inactivated and attenuated vaccines

A
  1. killed- all ages and can use in immunosuppressives
  2. attenuated- mature immune system only and less use in immunosuppressives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

compare the response between inactivated and attenuated vaccines

A

killed has a weaker response than attenuated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

compare the dosage between inactivated and attenuated vaccines

A
  1. killed- multi dose and booster, parenteral
  2. attenuated- fewer doses, oral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

compare the modifications between inactivated and attenuated vaccines

A
  1. killed- purified protective antigens
  2. attenuated- genetic modifications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

give an example of an attenuated vaccine

A

oral polio vaccine (OPV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

give an example of an inactivated vaccine

A

inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)
- chemically inactivated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 2 types of purified protein vaccines

A
  1. natural protein antigen purified from the bug itself
    - eg. inactivated diphtheria and tetanus toxoids
  2. recombinant protein antigen created by genetic engineering and produced in an expression system
    - eg. recombinant Hep B surface antigen produced in yeast
17
Q

describe how toxoids are produced

A
  1. pathogenicity of some bacteria lead to secreted bacterial toxins
    - exotoxins
  2. exotoxins induce T h 2 type response but cannot be used as vaccines
    - inactivated by treating with formalin
  3. inactivated toxins= toxoids
    - safe to use for vaccines
  4. can be created by genetic engineering
18
Q

what occurs with immunisation with toxoids

A
  1. creates memory B cells
  2. on recall, B cells produce neutralising antibodies
19
Q

what is the mechanism of action of toxoids

A

toxoid specific neutralising antibodies bind to and complex the bacterial toxins, inactivating them

20
Q

what is ronapreve

A
  1. two neutralising mAbs
  2. binds to 2 different sites on the SARs-COV-2 spike protein, neutralising the virus’ ability to infect cells
21
Q

what are subunit vaccines

A

specific antigen/epitopes that induce potent and specific protective humoral or CTL responses
- example of recombinant proteins

22
Q

how are subunit vaccines manufactured once key antigens/epitopes are identified

A
  1. chemical fractionation of intact microbe
    - purification and stabilisation of key antigens
    - chemical linkage of antigens
  2. if key epitopes known, manufacture as peptides
    - 3d amino acids created using scaffolds
  3. using recombinant DNA technology, genetic construct coding for antigen is conducted and express as soluble proteins/glycoproteins
    - recombinant subunit vaccines
23
Q

describe the case of bordetella pertussis

A
  1. used for whooping cough in children
  2. whole cell vaccine (killed)- effective but serious side effects
    - redness, pain and swelling at injection site
  3. infanrix hexa now used- reduced side effects
24
Q

give an example of a vaccine using virus like particles

A

Gardisil
- a HPV vaccine
- prevents HPV binding to cell surface entry receptors on epithelial basal cells and induces high serum HPV type specific neutralising antibodies

25
Q

what is the major antigen in HPV

A

L1 capsid protein
- expressed as a recombinant protein in yeast cells
- L1 protein spontaneously assembles into 3d virus like protein
- cannot cause disease and mild side effects

26
Q

what are polysaccharide vaccines

A
  1. have a capsule layer around them and composed of polysaccharides
  2. polysaccharide is highly antigenic- used as vaccines
  3. polysaccharide is sugar not protein antigens
    - immune response is T cell independent
  4. provide little protective immunity to infants/young children as they can’t induce T cell independent humoral responses or create memory cells
27
Q

give examples of encapsulated bacteria

A
  • neisseria meningitidis
  • streptococcus pneumonaie
  • haemophilus influenzae
28
Q

give an example of a polysaccharide vaccine and what it is used for

A

pneumovax 23- capsule components from 23 pathogenic serotypes of streptococcus pneumoniae
- routinely offered to elderly patients
- not recommended for children >2

29
Q

describe the structure of glycoconjugate vaccines

A
  1. formed by chemically coupling the polysaccharide capsular antigens from Neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae or streptococcus pneumoniae to a carrier protein
  2. carrier protein is toxoid from tetanus or diphtheria organisms
30
Q

give an example of a glycoconjugate vaccine

A
  • Hib conjugate vaccine
  • DTaP/IPV/Hib
  • infanrix hexa
  • meningococcal ACWY vaccine
31
Q

give examples of new viral and bacterial vaccines introduced into clinic

A
  1. viruses: Zika (phase II), HIV (phase III)
  2. bacteria: typhoid conjugate vaccine (phase III)
32
Q

what are viral vector vaccines

A
  1. use genetically modified viruses that are not pathogenic as vectors to get heterologous genetic material into a cell
  2. this material encodes for pathogen antigens
  3. once inside the cell, the viral genes produce new chimeric non pathogenic viruses or just pathogen antigens
  4. APCs then process these to generate adaptive immunity
33
Q

give examples of viral vectors

A
  • measles virus
  • adenovirus
34
Q

what are mRNA vaccines and how are they used

A
  1. prime immune system which is then boosted by a viral vector
    - eg. Covid mRNA vaccine

PY367 Vaccines (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions