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Medical Microbiology > Vaccine and Antibody therapy > Flashcards

Vaccine and Antibody therapy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the Toxoid vaccines?

A

Formaldehyde-inactivated protein toxins.

Purified from pathogens.

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2
Q

What are the novel adjuvants?

A

Oil-in-water MF59.

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3
Q

How is the adaptive immune response mediated?

A

By B cells that produce antibodies.

By T cells.

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4
Q

How is the vaccine injected in humans?

A

In the muscle.

Protein antigen taken up by dendritic cells.

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5
Q

How do T cells function?

A

Depend on B cells.
Generate antibody response.
Increase antibody affinity.
Induce different antibody isotypes.

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6
Q

What is the Pneumococcal disease?

A

Common in individuals.

Reduces splenic function.

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7
Q

Where does T cell deficiency results?

A

In uncontrolled and fatal varicella zoster virus infection.

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8
Q

How can the sterilizing immunity against S. pneumoniae in mice be achieved?

A

By T cells transfer from donor mice exposed to S. pneumoniae.

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9
Q

What is the most important characteristic of immunization programmes?

A

The induction of herd immunity.

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10
Q

Where do the antibody levels depend?

A

On the age of the vaccine recipient.
The nature of the antigen.
The number of booster doses administered.

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11
Q

From what does the response protect against?

A

Disease if pathogen has a short incubation period and the symptoms are on before antibodies reach threshold.

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12
Q

What do high-income countries use?

A

Acellular pertussis vaccine.

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13
Q

What are less in individuals who have two doses of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine or varicella zoster vaccine?

A

Breakthrough cases.

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14
Q

Why do vaccines cannot protect every individual in a population?

A

Some are not vaccinated.

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15
Q

What are susceptible individuals?

A

Those who cannot be immunized.
Those for whom the vaccine did not induce immunity.
Those who refused immunization.

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16
Q

Why there might be a downside to very high rates of vaccination?

A

Due to the absence of pathogen transmission that prevents natural boosting of vaccinated individuals.
Leads to immunity if booster doses of vaccine are not used.

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17
Q

How can BCG vaccination used?

A

As an example to illustrate vaccine design.

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18
Q

How can we improve public health at SARS-CoV-2?

A

With a vaccine that prevents severe disease and disease-driven hospitalization.

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19
Q

What have recent studies indicated?

A

That measles disease casts a prolonged ‘shadow’ over the immune system.
Depletion of existing immune memory.

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20
Q

When is the vaccine established?

A

During early clinical development on optimal safety and immunogenicity.

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21
Q

Where are bone marrow niches to support B cells limited?

A

In infancy.

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22
Q

In what do cytomegalovirus (CMV) have a role?

A

In immunosenescence on immune system.

23
Q

When are vaccines administered in humans?

A

At less than 6 months of age.

24
Q

When is the booster dose of vaccines given in humans?

A

At 9-12 months of age.

25
Q

What are vaccines associated with?

A

Safe concerns to defend human health.

25
Q

What are vaccines associated with?

A

Safe concerns to defend human health.

26
Q

What are vaccines used for?

A

For prophylaxis in a healthy population.

Not to treat disease.

27
Q

What are the common side effects of vaccines?

A

injection site pain.
Redness.
Swelling.

28
Q

What are the most vaccines in current use?

A 
Inactivated.
Purified.
Killed organisms.
Protein.
Polysaccharide components of pathogen.
29
Q

What is an important parental concern of vaccines?

A

That might overwhelm children’s immune systems.

30
Q

What is the most common serious, rare side effect of vaccines?

A

Anaphylaxis.

31
Q

Is there any evidence that any vaccines or their components cause autism?

A

No.

32
Q

Why is continuing assessment of vaccine safety post licensure important?

A

For detection of rare and longer-term side effects.

33
Q

What is an important issue that can compromise vaccine availability and access?

A

Refrigerating vaccines at 2-8 degrees. = cold storage.

34
Q

How many deaths worldwide were in 2018 by measles?

A

140,000.

35
Q

What do scientists do with vaccines?

A

Use expertise.
Understanding to ensure effective communication about science and power on immune system through vaccination to defend health in children.

36
Q

What does the licensed malaria vaccine RTSS provides?

A

Only 30-40% protection.

37
Q

For what have influenza vaccines been used recently?

A

To protect vulnerable individuals in high-income countries, adults, children and individuals with co-morbidity.

38
Q

By what can the vaccine-induced protection be improved?

A

By development of mammalian or insect cell-culture systems.

39
Q

Why are vaccines needed?

A

To reduce morbidity and mortality globally.

40
Q

What would a licensed RSV vaccine have?

A

A huge impact on infant health and paediatric hospital admissions.

41
Q

What should be a public health priority?

A

Prevention of infection in population.

42
Q

How many years do vaccines need to be developed?

A

10 years.

43
Q

From what do nucleic acid-based vaccines consist of?

A

DNA.
Or RNA.
–> encoding target Ag.

44
Q

What does immunization do?

A

It protects populations from diseases that previously claimed million lives each year, mostly children.

45
Q

What does Astra Zeneca vaccine uses?

A

An unrelated harmless virus.

46
Q

What do Moderna and Pfizer vaccines use?

A

A segment of genetic material of SARS-CoV-2 virus.

47
Q

What do attenuated vaccines for COVID-19 contain?

A

The weakened SARS-CoV-2 virus.

48
Q

What do protein vaccines for COVID-19 contain?

A

Proteins from SARS-CoV-2.

49
Q

Where are severe cases of COVID-19 more?

A

In older people.

In those with an existing long-term condition: CV disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases.

50
Q

What are the organisations working on DNA vaccine?

A

Inovio Pharmaceuticals and others.

51
Q

What was ‘smallpox’?

A

A killer virus 200 years ago.

52
Q

What did the rash of smallpox affect?

A

Internally –> every part of body.

Medical Microbiology (1 decks)

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