Vaccincations

Question 1

active immunity

Answer 1

occurs d/t the production of antibodies as a result of the presence of the target antigen; either they had the disease or they had the vaccination. Immunity provided by patient’s own immune system. Tends to be permanent.

Question 2

passive immunity

Answer 2

passed on/ carried from mom, patient’s own immune system does not make the antibodies- they get it from either mom or blood products. Just temporary- protects newborn for 1st 6 mos after birth (transient nature= hallmark)

Question 3

delayed immunity

Answer 3

AKA cell- mediated immunity. T- cells bind to surface of other cells that contain the antigen; binding triggers a further response by the immune system. Ex: Mantoux

Question 4

herd immunity

Answer 4

vaccination of a portion of a population protects those who are not vaccinated. But will NOT protect the child if they are directly exposed to an antigen.

Question 5

polio

Answer 5

aka poliomyelitis. contagious virus affecting nerves governing the muscles in the limbs and muscles necessary for breathing, causing respiratory difficulty and paralysis of arms and legs. Transmitted via fecal- oral route

Question 6

polio vaccine

Answer 6

IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) Inactivated= cannot cause polio. part of primary series- kids get it at 2 mos, 4 mos, 15 mos and 4 years old (before school). Immunity is life- long.

Question 7

HIB

Answer 7

protects against haemophilus influenzae type b which can cause severe infections including meningitis. Part of primary series- given 2 mos, 4 mos, 6 mos and 15 mos.

Question 8

who is most at risk for Hib infection?

Answer 8

infants and children under 5 years

Question 9

Hib can cause ? (other than meningitis)

Answer 9

epiglottitis- the kid will be gasping for air, in tripod position, drooling, have high fever, severe dyspnea- very sick. many kids who survived suffered deafness, seizures and/ or mental retardation

Question 10

Prevnar

Answer 10

vaccine to protect against strep pneumoniae. required for day care but not school- part of primary series. given at 2 mos, 4 mos, 6 mos and 12- 15 mos. (prior to vaccine strep pneumoniae was most common cause of bacterial meningitis) very high cost and worse s/e (pain at site, fever) with this vaccine

Question 11

RotaTeq

Answer 11

Helps protect against rotavirus gastroenteritis. don’t need for school or day care. Oral vaccine that contains 5 live reassortant rotaviruses. This vaccine has to be started at 2 mos, if older than 6 mos- too old to get it

Question 12

Rotavirus

Answer 12

aka Daycare diarrhea, most often infects kids 3mos to 2 years. severe infection is the leading cause of dehydrating diarrhea in infants/ young children

Question 13

Rotashield

Answer 13

old vaccine for rotavirus that caused intussusceptions, not on market anymore

Question 14

MMR

Answer 14

protects against measles, mumps and rubella. LIVE vaccine. given in 2 doses- 1st at 12- 15 mos and then at 4- 6 years old. Required for school- must be given AFTER 1st birthday and AFTER 4th birthday. Will provide life- long immunity

Question 15

Measles

Answer 15

viral illness causing very high fever, conjunctivitis, rash (morbiliform), Kopilk spots. PNA and encephalitis common.

Question 16

Mumps

Answer 16

virus causing swelling of salivary or parotid gland. was most common cause of viral meningitis and also most common cause of acquired deafness before vaccine. Also can cause orchitis in boys, leaving them sterile. If pregnant woman get it- can kill fetus

Question 17

Rubella

Answer 17

aka German measles. kids developed a mild rash/ mild infection. Also found to cause congenital cataracts/ blindness in newborns if mom was exposed during pregnancy

Question 18

DTap, TDap

Answer 18

protects against diptheria, tetanus and now an acellular form of pertussis. Part of primary series of vaccines. Given at 2 mos, 4 mos, 6 mos, 15 mos and 4 years (before school) total of 5 given before kids start school

Question 19

Diptheria

Answer 19

transmitted by direct person to person by intimate respiratory or physical contact. caused by toxin- producing strain of cornyebacterium diptheriae. Resp diptheria presents with sore throat, low grade fever, and adherent membrane (grey- yellowish coating) on tonsils, pharynx, or nose. Complications from resp- myocarditis, poluneuritis, airway obstruction. Cutaneous diptheria presents as infected skin lesion (not as serious, prob wont get those complications)

Question 20

Tetanus

Answer 20

commonly called “lockjaw.” caused by bacteria found in dust, soil, manure. enters the body through open wound. symptoms- headache, fever, stiffness of jaw/ lockjaw (most dangerous bc can lead to death by suffocation), severe muscle spasms, stiffness of abdominal muscles, difficulty swallowing

Question 21

Pertussis

Answer 21

highly contagious resp infection caused by gram- negative bacterium found in mouth/ nose/ throat of infected person. pt has severe coughing episodes that can induce vomiting, can become apneic. spread by direct contact with discharge from nose or throat of infected pts

Question 22

Varicella zoster virus

Answer 22

chicken pox. airborne transmission (NOT contact!) occurs most frequently in kids 5-8 years. you will see lesions in various stages- to go back to school they all need to be crusted over

Question 23

Varicella vaccine

Answer 23

given in 2 doses. after first dose 87.3% protected, after second dose 99.5%. LIVE.

Question 24

Hep A

Answer 24

transmission- fecal- oral. get it from dirty water, dirty food, dirty bathrooms. most contagious before sx appear. inflammation of liver causing soreness, swelling, build up of bilirubin. Vaccine safe for anyone over 2 years and can provide protection for up to 20 years

Question 25

Hep B

Answer 25

from blood/ infected body fluids. Blood to blood contact, unprotected sex, use of unsterile needles and from infected mother to baby during delivery

Question 26

Meningitis causes

Answer 26

most often caused by bacterial or viral infection, could be fungal, rxn to meds from inflammatory dx such as lupus, some types of cancer, or a traumatic injury to the head or spine

Question 27

types of bacterial meningitis

Answer 27

meningococcal meningitis caused by neisseria meningitidis (worst one) common in kids 2- 18 years. high risk people include infants

Question 28

types of bacterial meningitis

Answer 28

haemophilus meningitis was once most common cause of bacterial meningitis but since HIB vaccine the number of cases have greatly reduced in U.S. (almost 0 cases) Most at risk are kids in daycare who are not vaccinated

Question 29

2 vaccines approved for Neisseria meningitidis

Answer 29

menomune and menactra. both prevent 4 types of meningococcal dx but not all. all cases on meningitis should be reported to the state. still very common in parts of africa “meningitis belt”

Question 30

Menactra

Answer 30

given 11 through 55 years of age for active immunity against N. meningitidis serogroups A, C, Y, W- 135 only. . May experience Gullian barre syndrome from the vaccine. other side effects- low grade fever, chills, joint pain, headache, diarrhea, vomiting, mild rash

Question 31

Gardasil

Answer 31

protects against some strains of HPV. CDC recommneds girls age 11- 12, important to get vaccinated before sexually active. vaccine approved for girls 9- 26. not approved for boys yet. protect against 4 strains of virus (16, 18, 6 & 11) 16 and 18 account for 70% of cervical cancers, 6 & 11 account for 90% of genital warts. some controversy bc some ppl think it “encourages” sex. given in 3 injections- now, in 2 mos and then 6 mos. also some controversy about increase in juvenile RA, neurotoxic s/e and death- keep in office for 15 mins and don’t let them drive home alone.

Question 32

HPV

Answer 32

virus with over 100 different types, over 30 transmitted through sex. can cause genital warts, cervical cancer (most don’t lead to ca)

Question 33

risk factors for HPV

Answer 33

females- young (peak ages 20- 24), lots of lifetime sex partners, early age when having sex for the 1st time, smoking, oral contraceptive use, uncircumcised male partners
males- young (peak age 25- 29), lifetime sex partners, being uncircumcised

Question 34

why females adolescents are more susceptible to HPV

Answer 34

inadequate production of cervical mucus which may act as a barrier, immature columnar and metaplastic cells in the transformation zone of the cervix, minor trauma during sex