vaccinations lecture

Question 1

what is active immuntiy?

Answer 1

Active immunity results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease. Exposure to the disease organism can occur through infection with the actual disease (resulting in natural immunity), or introduction of a killed or weakened form of the disease organism through vaccination (vaccine-induced immunity). Either way, if an immune person comes into contact with that disease in the future, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce the antibodies needed to fight it.

Active immunity is long-lasting, and sometimes life-long.

Question 2

what is passive immunity

Answer 2

Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.

A newborn baby acquires passive immunity from its mother through the placenta. A person can also get passive immunity through antibody-containing blood products such as immune globulin, which may be given when immediate protection from a specific disease is needed. This is the major advantage to passive immunity; protection is immediate, whereas active immunity takes time (usually several weeks) to develop.

However, passive immunity lasts only for a few weeks or months. Only active immunity is long-lasting.

Question 3

Herd immunity?

Answer 3

Protect unvaccinated individuals, through having sufficiently large proportion of population vaccinated
Vaccinated individuals stop transmission of organism
Proportion required to be immune derived mathematically, based on:
Transmissibility and infectiousness of organism
Social mixing in population

Requires that there is no other reservoir of infection

Question 4

what vaccines are live?

Answer 4

OPV, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, rotavirus, zoster, flu

attenuated organism, replicates in host

Question 5

what are the types of inactive vaccine?

Answer 5

Suspensions of killed organisms
Subunit vaccines
Conjugate vaccines

Question 6

give example of the Suspensions of killed organisms vaccine

Answer 6

whole cell pertussis (whooping cough), whole cell typhoid

Question 7

example of Subunit vaccines

Answer 7

. diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid

Question 8

example of Conjugate vaccines

Answer 8

polysaccharide attached to immunogenic proteins

e.g. Hib, MenC

Question 9

contraindications for vaccines

Answer 9

Confirmed anaphylaxis reaction to previous dose of same antigen or vaccine component
Live vaccines:
-Immunosuppression (primary, radiotx, high-dose steroids/other drugs, HIV)
-Pregnancy
Egg allergy (yellow fever, flu)
Severe latex allergy
Acute or evolving illness – defer till resolved/ stabilised

Question 10

when can a live vaccine not be given?

Answer 10

• Immunosuppression (primary, radiotx, high-dose steroids/other drugs, HIV)
• Pregnancy

Question 11

when is MMR given

Answer 11

after 1 year - because material abs

Question 12

HPV when is it given

Answer 12

12-13 years girls

Question 13

what bacteria causes dithptheria

Answer 13

aerobic gram-positive bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 14

what the 5 in 1 vaccine cover?

Answer 14

covering diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

Question 15

what causes meningococcal disease

Answer 15

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 16

after effects of meningitis

Answer 16

persistent neurological defects including hearing loss, speech disorders, loss of limbs and paralysis.

Question 17

what is Elimination of disease

Answer 17

Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts; continued intervention measures are required. Example: neonatal tetanus.

Question 18

what is the eradication of disease

Answer 18

Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts; intervention measures are no longer needed. Example: smallpox.

Question 19

what is the extinction of a disease

Answer 19

The specific infectious agent no longer exists in nature or in the laboratory. Example: none.

Question 20

out of eradication, extinction and elimination which order do they go in

Answer 20

elimination, then eradication, then extinction