Vaccinations flashies

Question 1

purpose of vaccines

Answer 1

provide an individual with the PRIMARY immune response to pathogen- so if exposed again you have memory without having contracted the disease

population–> eradication of disease, control of infectious diseases worldwide

Question 2

factors allowing vaccines to be effective?

Answer 2

• doesn’t cause latency
• doesn’t have much antigenic variation- b/c then the vaccination would be worthless
• doesn’t interfere with host immune response- doesn’t down regulate immune response

vaccines also most effective against infections that are limited to human hosts

Question 3

herd immunity

Answer 3

sufficient number of immune individuals in a population-to stop transmission of infection

**proportion depends on severity of infection (so if the infection is very easily infectious, then a high proportion of the population must be immune to maintain herd immunity)

Question 4

passive immunization

Answer 4

uses pre-synthesized antibodies (human Ig’s) -prevent disease after known exposure

• protect immunosuppressed patients
• ex/ snake bite anti-venom (IgG that is specific for venom)

also, passive transfer of mom Abs to child

Question 5

active immunization

Answer 5

delayed but more permanent

example is natural exposure to pathogens and vaccines

Question 6

combined passive-active immunization

Answer 6

give immediate and lasting protection

ex/ tetanus,

rabies**must be given in different sites of body so they don’t combine with each other

Question 7

how to make vaccine?

Answer 7

whole or part of microorganisms administered to prevent infectious disease

isolate something that:-does not cause disease-does cause immune response

Question 8

types of vaccines?

Answer 8

acellular

killed organisms

attenuated-

toxoid

mimic

subunit

DNA plasmid

Question 9

killed organism vaccine?

Answer 9

inactivated or killed microorganism

ex/ polio

Question 10

acelllular vaccine?

Answer 10

use antigen part of disease causing organism

ex/ DTap

Question 11

attenuated vaccine?

Answer 11

can be attenuated by environmental conditions or genetic engineering

reduce virulence but still keep it viable

Question 12

toxoid vaccine?

Answer 12

made from inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness rather than the micro-organism

ex/ tetanus

Question 13

mimic vaccine?

Answer 13

use organisms similar to virulent one but doesn’t cause harm

ex/ vaccinia, BCG for M. tuberculosis

Question 14

subunit vaccine?

Answer 14

utilizes techniques of genetic engineering

requires adjuvant (keeps vaccine in certain area)

uses subunit of virulent organism

Question 15

DNA plasmid vaccine?

Answer 15

mimics live attenuated vaccine preparation-circular DNA plasmids expressing specific proteins injected with presentation of protein to immune system

ex/ HIV in developmentvaccinia vector

Question 16

thimersol

Answer 16

used as preservative in vaccines

can be converted to methyl-mercury (neurotoxin)

no longer used

Question 17

adjuvants

Answer 17

bring antigen into contact with immune system and keep the subunits flocked in the area so the APC can pick them up

decrease the toxicity of certain antigens

provide solubility to some vaccine components

Question 18

aluminum hydroxide

Answer 18

only FDA approved adjuvant

clumps with antigen to keep it at the injection site

Question 19

immunization schedule for child

Answer 19

produce immunity to virulent organisms likely to be encountered early in life

consider:
-timing of likely exposure

• immunological maturity of child
• passively transferred antibodies
• boosters for priming

Question 20

parenteral route?

Answer 20

subQ, IM, or intradermal

stimulates IgG

Question 21

oral route?

Answer 21

stimulates IgA (b/c IgA is associated with mucosal immunity)

Question 22

contraindications to immunization?

Answer 22

febrile illness

immunosuppressive therapy

recent blood transfusion

simultaneous vaccination of another vaccine

immunodeficiency

pregnancy

leukaemia or lymphoma

Question 23

vaccines for special populations?

Answer 23

influenza - children and elderly

hep A, typhoid, west nile, yellow fever - travelers

rabies - animal workers

Question 24

adverse reaction to vaccines?

Answer 24

not totally safe-

no perfect vaccine **

undesirable side effects

Question 25

new vaccine strategy?

Answer 25

use recombinant DNA technology

Question 26

Potential problems with vaccines

Answer 26

clinically important epitopes may not be intact in vaccine

individual genetics may effect efficacy

some individuals may be genetically predisposed to adverse events

often work poorly in young infants or the elderly b/c they have an immunosuppression

Question 27

development of immune response to vaccine depends on ….

Answer 27

route

timing

use of adjuvants

previous exposure to infection