Vaccinations

Answer 1

Smallpox is the only human infectious disease that we have managed to eradicate from the planet.

Question 2

Types of vaccine

Answer 2

Passive immunisation - pre exposure prophylaxis - giving the person antibodies.
SHort lived as immune system not involved.

Question 3

What are the risks with passive immunisation and antibodies in vaccines?

Answer 3

Non-self protein enters the human body and can result in hypersensitivity and anaphylactic shock.

Question 4

Describe active immunisation…

Answer 4

Immunity can be life long and boosters can be periodically.

Initiates the recipients own defence system.

Question 5

Whole cell or component vaccines

Answer 5

smallpox ,yellow fever, TB, MMR

Question 6

Describe a sub unit vaccine

Answer 6

Purified antigen to prime immune system so the individ can mount a response to it.
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Question 7

Toxoids are a part of the subunit vax

Answer 7

Takes a subunit of the toxin that the organism produces

Better to raise a respones to the baceteria’s toxin eg tetanus uses a fragment of the toxin

Question 8

Live-attenuated
still viable but weakened so it cannot replicate? May replicate in immunocompromised patients.
can occasionaly regain some virulence so can then cause disease.

Answer 8

Longer lasting imunity

Question 9

Inactivated/killed

Question 10

Surrogate vaccines

Answer 10

do not contain the bac or virus
will create a fragment which cross reacts eg mycobacterium bovis for bcg - this created tb in cattle but not humans.
smallpox contained the cowpox virus.

Question 11

can u use closely related infectious agents in vaccinations?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

Protective immunity flowchart here.

Question 13

DNA vaccines have been developed due to DNA therapies in the past. AstraZen

Question 14

MRNA vax

Answer 14

Pfizer/Biontech
mRNA packaged up in lipids and delivered to cell. The protein is then targeted by the immune system.
Once expressed it dies.

Question 15

How can vaccines be delivered?

Answer 15

Injection
Oral
Intranasal
In food (livestock)
Transdermal (with metal plates containg microneedles)
Issues with hypodermic needles as not reusable - silica patches onto the skin with microneedels to penetrate the surface. The silica takes on the fluid from the epidermis, swells and cannot transmit blood borne viruses which can be the risk with other methods.

Question 16

Why vaccinate?

Answer 16

Economics - so parents dont miss out on woek and kids on school.

Breaks the transmission cycyle - eg covid. Has the vaccine made an impact of the progression of the mutations? It hasn’t broken the cycle but have not broken the cycle.

Cheaper to vax than dx and tx the inf.

Question 17

HPV Introduced in 2019 for boys to rid the reservoir of the virus

Question 18

Andrew Wakefiled and MMR report led to measles outbreaks

Question 19

Herd immunity will protect the subset of the population that cannot be vaxxed. Only applies to contagious diseases. eg tetanus which is a wound based disease.
Non vaxxed are protected by the herd.
Diseases can be eradicated (eg smallpox only exists in two places CDC and Russia) as it cannot infect anyone due to the herd immunity.

Question 20

Last smallpox vax was 1971 in uk.

Can vaccinated parents pass any immunity to offspring? If the vax is active immunisation?