Vaccination Lecture Objectives Flashcards
What are recombinant or synthetic vaccines
recombinant DNA transfected into yeast cells to produce large volumes of antigen
antigen peptide
give to anyone because it is a protein and therefore it will not become a virus so its safe for all
what are some example of vaccinations that are synthetic or recombinant?
Hep B
Pertussis
salmonella proteins
what are some benefits to the recombinant vaccine?
Very low risk that not all live virulent organism is removed from preparation
Fewer side effects than other vaccines –> advantage of ability to manipulate epitopes of importance
Safe for immunocompromised ppl
What are DNA vaccines?
plasmids containing genes encoding proteins of pathogenic origin serve as the vehicle for producing expressed protein in an individual
Main function is for immunity to pathogens that will infect cells —> used to make Antigen-specific CTLs for life threatening pathogens that infect cells
what is an example of a DNA vaccine?
Hep C
what are some drawbacks of DNA vaccines?
(i) random integration of the plasmid into host chromosomes or homologous recombination; (ii) tolerance induction; and (iii) autoimmunity.
Plasma containing genes encoding pathogen –> No integration of host cell plasma
MHC I and II, innate immunity
Gene of interest –> inserted plasmid –> plasmid cell stimulates innate immunity –>stimulates MO, dendritic cell to site
If DNA vaccines integrates with tumor factor–> may develop neoplasia
What is herd immunity?
85% to 90% of community is immunized –> those who are not immunized will be protected from outbreaks.
Explain passive natural immunity in terms of immunization
passive natural immunization - patient receives antibodies generated in another individual or animal
occurs when maternal antibodies cross the placenta (IgG) to provide protection from viral or bacterial infections
also enters neonate during breast feeding (IgG and IgA) as well as other factors to provide protection from enteric infection
Explain artificial passive immunization
Artificial Passive–> deliberate administration of immunoreactive serum, or concentrated immunoglobulin (gamma globulin) isolated from pooled human plasma/serum of individuals that have recently recovered from disease, or from volunteers who have been intentionally immunized.
What are gamma globulins and why are they used for passive artificial immunizations?
Gamma Globulin (now and 10 days until trip because no time to make IgG antibodies) –> concentrated immunoglobin
derived from pooled plasma. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (aka traveling and no vaccine available)
contains antibodies to infection that are most prevalent in donor population
protection is SHORT TERM
IgG of pooled serum of convalescent patients are available
Explain active immunization
patient receives antigen which stimulates the generation of an immune response, whether it be antibody or cell mediated by the patient.
What are the two different active immunization
unintentional –> occurs when someone is inadvertently exposed to a pathogen
intentional –> occurs when individual is exposed to a safe form of the pathogen in hope of inducing sterile immunity to the pathogen.
what are some forms of intentional active vaccines
attenuated microbes killed microbes live natural microbes modified toxins naked DNA purified DNA purified pathogen protein recombinant protein
what are immunization adjuvants used for?
enhance the immune system (make more immunogenic) and include inorganic salts, immune stimulating complexes and bacterial cell products
Inorganic salts in immunization adjuvants include?
calcium phosphate and aluminum hydroxide that produce a depot effect
advantage and disadvantage of oral sabin
advantage - in patients with polio, sabin is administered orally to protect patient against a disease that can cause paralysis and death; prevents transmission of the virus via the GI route; attenuated vaccine (live organism but just a less virulent form)
disadvantage - harbor the risk of reversion back to virulence
advantage and disadvantage of salk
advantage - can be used in immunocompromised individuals; safer because they are inactivated or killed viruses and bacteria
disadvantage - less effective than sabin as a polio vaccine and does not prevent transmission of the virus via the GI route
vaccines that can be administered to immunocompromised patients
salk, varicella immune globulin, hepatitis immune globulin, a lot of artificial passive immunization
name the type of vaccines that are live and attenuated
oral sabin for polio virus (epidemic then you need this because you wont transfer to other ppl)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (BCG: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin )
Measles, Mumps, Rubella
name the type of vaccines that are inactivated and killed
Salk polio virus (injection) (does not give you mucosal immunity only if the virus passes your mucosal) (do not protect the community) Rabies virus, Influenza virus (moderately effective) Cholera bacteria (only moderate effectiveness)
name the type of vaccines that are toxoid (inactivated toxins)
Bacterial vaccines for tetanus and diphtheria
Carrier molecule for vaccination with malaria organism
Prime Boost
Give vaccine twice after a few weeks but not the same vehicle so start off giving DNA vaccine then give a killed or recombinant in the 2nd vaccine.
Toxin then chemical modification to Toxid, what vaccine is common?
Tetanus
Tetanus, in absence of immunization?
homologous anti-serum (tetanus human immune globin)
