Vaccination Lecture Objectives

Question 1

What are recombinant or synthetic vaccines

Answer 1

recombinant DNA transfected into yeast cells to produce large volumes of antigen

antigen peptide

give to anyone because it is a protein and therefore it will not become a virus so its safe for all

Question 2

what are some example of vaccinations that are synthetic or recombinant?

Answer 2

Hep B
Pertussis
salmonella proteins

Question 3

what are some benefits to the recombinant vaccine?

Answer 3

Very low risk that not all live virulent organism is removed from preparation

Fewer side effects than other vaccines –> advantage of ability to manipulate epitopes of importance

Safe for immunocompromised ppl

Question 4

What are DNA vaccines?

Answer 4

plasmids containing genes encoding proteins of pathogenic origin serve as the vehicle for producing expressed protein in an individual

Main function is for immunity to pathogens that will infect cells —> used to make Antigen-specific CTLs for life threatening pathogens that infect cells

Question 5

what is an example of a DNA vaccine?

Answer 5

Hep C

Question 6

what are some drawbacks of DNA vaccines?

Answer 6

(i) random integration of the plasmid into host chromosomes or homologous recombination; (ii) tolerance induction; and (iii) autoimmunity.

Plasma containing genes encoding pathogen –> No integration of host cell plasma
MHC I and II, innate immunity
Gene of interest –> inserted plasmid –> plasmid cell stimulates innate immunity –>stimulates MO, dendritic cell to site
If DNA vaccines integrates with tumor factor–> may develop neoplasia

Question 7

What is herd immunity?

Answer 7

85% to 90% of community is immunized –> those who are not immunized will be protected from outbreaks.

Question 8

Explain passive natural immunity in terms of immunization

Answer 8

passive natural immunization - patient receives antibodies generated in another individual or animal

occurs when maternal antibodies cross the placenta (IgG) to provide protection from viral or bacterial infections

also enters neonate during breast feeding (IgG and IgA) as well as other factors to provide protection from enteric infection

Question 9

Explain artificial passive immunization

Answer 9

Artificial Passive–> deliberate administration of immunoreactive serum, or concentrated immunoglobulin (gamma globulin) isolated from pooled human plasma/serum of individuals that have recently recovered from disease, or from volunteers who have been intentionally immunized.

Question 10

What are gamma globulins and why are they used for passive artificial immunizations?

Answer 10

Gamma Globulin (now and 10 days until trip because no time to make IgG antibodies) –> concentrated immunoglobin
derived from pooled plasma. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (aka traveling and no vaccine available)
contains antibodies to infection that are most prevalent in donor population
protection is SHORT TERM
IgG of pooled serum of convalescent patients are available

Question 11

Explain active immunization

Answer 11

patient receives antigen which stimulates the generation of an immune response, whether it be antibody or cell mediated by the patient.

Question 12

What are the two different active immunization

Answer 12

unintentional –> occurs when someone is inadvertently exposed to a pathogen

intentional –> occurs when individual is exposed to a safe form of the pathogen in hope of inducing sterile immunity to the pathogen.

Question 13

what are some forms of intentional active vaccines

Answer 13

attenuated microbes 
killed microbes 
live natural microbes 
modified toxins
naked DNA
purified DNA
purified pathogen protein
recombinant protein

Question 14

what are immunization adjuvants used for?

Answer 14

enhance the immune system (make more immunogenic) and include inorganic salts, immune stimulating complexes and bacterial cell products

Question 15

Inorganic salts in immunization adjuvants include?

Answer 15

calcium phosphate and aluminum hydroxide that produce a depot effect

Question 16

advantage and disadvantage of oral sabin

Answer 16

advantage - in patients with polio, sabin is administered orally to protect patient against a disease that can cause paralysis and death; prevents transmission of the virus via the GI route; attenuated vaccine (live organism but just a less virulent form)

disadvantage - harbor the risk of reversion back to virulence

Question 17

advantage and disadvantage of salk

Answer 17

advantage - can be used in immunocompromised individuals; safer because they are inactivated or killed viruses and bacteria

disadvantage - less effective than sabin as a polio vaccine and does not prevent transmission of the virus via the GI route

Question 18

vaccines that can be administered to immunocompromised patients

Answer 18

salk, varicella immune globulin, hepatitis immune globulin, a lot of artificial passive immunization

Question 19

name the type of vaccines that are live and attenuated

Answer 19

oral sabin for polio virus (epidemic then you need this because you wont transfer to other ppl)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (BCG: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin )
Measles, Mumps, Rubella

Question 20

name the type of vaccines that are inactivated and killed

Answer 20

Salk polio virus (injection) (does not give you mucosal immunity only if the virus passes your mucosal) (do not protect the community) 
Rabies virus,
Influenza virus (moderately effective)
Cholera bacteria (only moderate effectiveness)

Question 21

name the type of vaccines that are toxoid (inactivated toxins)

Answer 21

Bacterial vaccines for tetanus and diphtheria

Carrier molecule for vaccination with malaria organism

Question 22

Prime Boost

Answer 22

Give vaccine twice after a few weeks but not the same vehicle so start off giving DNA vaccine then give a killed or recombinant in the 2nd vaccine.

Question 23

Toxin then chemical modification to Toxid, what vaccine is common?

Answer 23

Tetanus

Question 24

Tetanus, in absence of immunization?

Answer 24

homologous anti-serum (tetanus human immune globin)