VACCINATION AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH Flashcards
What does the Preston curve show?
the relationship between life expectancy and capita income (shows that richer countries are associated with longer life expectancy)
What was the first vaccine ever made for? when was this?
the smallpox vaccine
1796
What was the first vaccine ever made for? when was this?
the smallpox vaccine
1796
what is the expanded programme of immunisation?
A project made in 1977 with the goal to make immunization against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles and tuberculosis available to every child in the world by 1990.
what is the level of immunity needed to provide herd immunity normally?
70-90%
what is the ‘green book’?
the immunisation in infectious disease book
what is the ‘green book’?
the immunisation in infectious disease book
what is the ‘green book’?
the immunisation in infectious disease book
what vaccines should adults get?
those over 65 should get the pneumococcal vaccine and the flu vaccine (flu every year)
those 70 or over should get the shingles vaccine
what vaccines should babies get?
at 8 weeks - 6-in-1 vaccine, rotavirus and MenB
at 12 weeks- 6-in-1, rotavirus and pneumococcus
at 16 weeks- 6-in-1 3rd dose, MenB 2nd dose
what vaccines should a child get at age 1?
Hib. MenC, MMR, pneumococcal 2nd dose and menB 3rd dose
what vaccine should a child get at 3 years and 4 months?
MMR 2nd dose and 4-in-1 preschool booster
what vaccine do you get between 12 and 13 years of age?
HPV
what is in the immunisations against infectious disease book?
the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures, for vaccine preventable infectious diseases in the UK.
who moniters vaccines for side effects?
MHRA
what are controlled human infection models?
when an infection is deliberately given to humans to test therapies e.g. leishmania
what is virulence?
a measure of the likelihood of causing disease
what are virulence factors?
properties of a microbe that allow spread
what is the basic reproductive number R0?
the number of cases each particular case generates
what are vectors?
animals or microbes that transmit pathogens to another organism
what is a host?
an organism that harbours an infectious pathogen
what is a zoonosis?
any disease which can naturally be transmitted to humans from non-human animals
whats a fomite?`
inanimate objects that can carry and spread diseases
what is herd immunity?
when a large portion of a community becomes immune to a disease, making the spread of disease from person to person unlikely
what are the aims of vaccines?
reduce the number of infections, to interrupt transmission to humans, to generate herd immunity and to prevent outbreaks and epidemics
what is R0 proportionate to?
the length of time that case remains, th number of contacts a case has with susceptible hosts per unit time, the chance of transmitting the infection during an encounter with a susceptible host
what is the effective reproduction rate R?
how do you calculate it?
the average number of secondary infections produced by a typical infective agent in a totally susceptible population
R0 x the proportion susceptible
how do you work out the herd immunity threshold?
H= 1 - proportion susceptible
what does R=1 mean
this is the epidemic threshold
what does R<1 mean?
the number of cases will decrease
what does R>1 mean?
the number of cases will increase
whats the role of WHO in vaccinations?
making reccomendations on vaccine policy
support less able contries with vaccination strategy implementation
work through international health regulations to ensure maximum security against international spread of disease
