Vaccination and Immunisation Flashcards
What are Pasteur’s 3 principles regarding vaccinations?
ISOLATE
INACTIVATE
INJECT
What are the 6 essential characteristics of vaccinations?
- protection without risk of causing disease or side effects
- protection = long-lived
- stimulate correct arm of immune response (antibodies or effector T)
- stimulate neutralising antibodies to prevent reinfection
- stable for long term storage and transport
- economically afforable for widespread use
What are the 6 main types of vaccine?
- Live
- Attenuated
- Killed
- Extract
- Recombinant
- DNA
What are the characteristics of a live vaccine?
organisms capable of normal infection and replication. not used against pathogens that can cause severe disease
What are the characteristics of an attenuated vaccine?
organism is live, but ability to replicate and cause disease reduced by chemical treatment or growth-adaptation in non-human cell lines (MMR)
What are the characteristics of a killed vaccine?
organism killed by ohysical or chemical treatment. incapable of infection or replication, but still able to provoke a stron immune response (B.Pertussis typhoid)
What are the characteristics of an extract vaccine?
materials derived from disrupted or lysed organisms. Used when there is a risk of the organism surviving the inactivation steps
flu, pneumococcal, diptheria, tetanus
What are the characteristics of a recombinant vaccine
genetically engineered to alter critical genes. Can infect and replicate but does not induce associated disease
What are the characteristics of a DNA vaccine
naked DNA injected. Host cells pick up DNA and express pathogen proteuns that stimulate immune response
What are the most effective type of vaccines?
Live and attenuated
What is herd immunity?
the resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination.
What are the main vaccines offered in the UK?
- DTaP/IPV/Hib: Diptheria, tetanus, pertussis, inactivated Polio vaccine, haemophilus influenzae type B
- Men C: meningococcal C conjugate
- DTaP/IPV: booster vaccine for diptheria, tetanus, pertussis, Polio.
- Td/IPV: booster vaccine for tetanus, diptheria, polio
- MMR
- BCG
- MenACWY
- Pneumococcal
- Flu
What common diseases do not currently have a vaccination?
- HIV
- Ebold
- SARS
- vCJD
What are dendritic cells?
Cells that sit on the interface between innate immunity and specific immunity
What does activation of dendritic cells cause?
vastly increases their ability to capture and process antigen and immunogens, and also attract and activate T cells
