Vaccination and Immune Therapies Flashcards
What is antibody transfer?
the transfer of antibodies from an immune to a non-immune individual
What are monoclonal antibodies?
man-made proteins that act like human antibodies in the immune system
What are some advantages of monoclonal antibodies?
single specificity
near unlimited supply of antibodies
antibodies w v rare specificities can be isolated
can be manipulated eg new specificities can be created
Lower chance of serum sickness
What are some methods of developing monoclonal antibodies?
- phage display
- EBV transformation
- in vitro expansion and selection
What types of vaccines are there?
- live attenuated - consists of a pathogenic strain in which the virulent genes are deleted or modified
- killed whole organism
- nucleic acid vaccine
- toxoid - toxin derived from the pathogen
- subunit - purified protein/polysaccharides from cell wall
- virus like particle
- outer membrane vesicle
- protein-polysaccharide conjugate
- viral vectored
What are VLPs
Virus-Like Particles
look and size of virus particles but do not contain any nucleic acid
used for antigen delivery but can deliver anything eg fluorescent antigen
What are OMV vaccines?
Outer Membrane Vesicles
naturally occurring bacterial delivery systems that can transfer cargo, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids to proximal cells (or biofilms)
Uses gram- outer membrane
- natural OMV (nOMV)
- detergent extracted OMV (dOMV)
What is a protein-polysaccharide vaccines?
a polysaccharide immune response is not long lived as memory cells are not producd
a protein-polysaccharide conjugate uses T cell help which allows memory cells to be produced
What is the role of dendritic cells in vaccination?
dendritic cells have long projections to give them a higher surface area to present antigens to T cells
What are vaccine adjuvants?
components of a vaccine that induce inflammation as an antigen without inflammation get ignored by the immune system
- extend the presence of antigen
- locally activate macrophages and lymphocytes
- support the local production of cytokines
- activate antigen presenting cells , support absorption, migration and present antigen
-need secondary B7 danger signal for adaptive activation (memory is goal), adjuvant activates that
What is OAS?
Original Antigenic Sin
the immune response may give a hyper response against one antigen on a pathogen, but not recognise the pathogen when it comes around a second time (as the pathogen is slightly different)
How are anti-sera produced?
Using donor animal (horse/sheep)
Immunised with no lethal antigen dose (venomous toxins, pathogen antigen)
Induces immune response and antibody production
Blood from donor animal collected at intervals and antibodies purified
Passive immunity?
Transfer of antibodies from one individual to another
Used for rapid treatment of a cute illnesses
Advantages and disadvantages of antibody transfer?
Advantages:
Quick acting (snake venom, toxins, viral rare infections)
Can support deficient immune system (immune suppressed, elderly)
Disadvantages:
Antibody levels and protection fades within months
Must be given via IV injection (not intramuscular)
Serum sickness (reactions to non human antibodies as a foreign antigen)
Antisera expensive and complicated to manufacture
What cells are used to make monoclonal antibodies?
Spleen cells fuses with cancerous myeloma cells
Hybridomas can multiply and replicate continuously
