Vaccination

Question 1

Vaccination
definition

Answer 1

administration of immnogenic material to stimulate an active adaptive response with memory-generation

Question 2

aims of vaccination

Answer 2

differ between diseases
most ambitious is eradication (successful for smallpox, attempted for polio)
disease prevention
symptome/pathology prevention via vaccine against e.g. toin (diphteriae, tetanus)

Question 3

live attenuated vaccines

Answer 3

ATTENUATION: accumulation of mutations through passaging/generations

replicate to a certain extend but no disease in HELATHY

PROBLEM:
- reversion to wildtype
- insufficient attenuation
- persistent infection
- contamination of the vaccine by other organisms
- fetal damage
- IMMUNOSUPPRESSED unsafe

Question 4

inactivated vaccine

Answer 4

INACTIVATION: by heat or chemicals
adjuvans may be required
safe for immunocompromised

PROBLEM:
- contamination by toxins/chemicals
-allergic reactios to adjuvas
- autoimmunity

Question 5

Components of infectious agents

Answer 5

individual Ag or toxins + ADJUVANT
Ag purified, recombinant, fusion or toxoids

PROBLEM:
- allergic reactions to adjuvans
- genetically engineered vaccines may contain oncogenes

Question 6

diphteria vaccine

Answer 6

toxoid
inactivation with formadehyde

Question 7

tetanus vaccine

Answer 7

toxoid
inactivation with formadehyde

Question 8

pertussis vaccine

Answer 8

concerns about safety caused resurgence in 1970s

Question 9

measels vaccine

Answer 9

live attenuated
in MMR or MMRV

Question 10

Mumps vaccine

Answer 10

live attenuated
2 doses necessary (outbreak 2005 Northern Ireland)

Question 11

rubella vaccine

Answer 11

congenital rubella syndrome
live attenuated

Question 12

Polymyelitis vaccine

Answer 12

OPV: live attenuated, allows persitance and transmission, genetically unstable, can cause vaccine associated paralytic polio

IPV: inactivated, allows eradication

Question 13

Influenza vaccine

Answer 13

inactivated or attenuated
4 strains (2A & 2B)

Question 14

vaccines in development

Answer 14

HV
DC vaccines (mostly for tumour)
mRNA vaccines

Question 15

passive immunization with Ab
principle and complications

Answer 15

application of antiserum to boost response
used in immunodeficiencies, unclear vaccination status or rabies and varicella infection in immunodeficient children
since discovery of AB used less

COMPLICATIONS: serum sickness, prevented by human(ized) Ab

Question 16

passive immunization with human serum

Answer 16

for immunodeficient -> hypo-g-globulinaemia (IgG low)

human serum poole and applied

SIDE EFECTS: headache, dermatitis, infection risk, pulmonary oedema, allergic or anaphylactic shock, thrombosis, aseptical meningits

Question 17

passive immunization wit non-specific celular immune stimulation

Answer 17

application of cytokiens and mediators to boost immune response
mostly applied in tumor treatment

IFNg: reduces viral replication, benefit in chronic granulomatouse disease
but side effects!