Vaccination Flashcards
What are some innate defenses?
lysozyme in tears which dissolve cell walls / normal flora / skin / rapid pH change which inhibits microbial growth / flushing of urinary tract prevents colonisation / removal of particles by rapid passage of air over cilia / mucus, cilia lining trachea suspend and move microorganisms out of body / mucus and phagocytes in lungs prevent colonisation / stomach acid
What is the purpose of antibodies and the different classes?
produced by wbc in response to foreign antigen, bind to pathogens and can bind to toxins to inactivate them / IgM and IgG found in blood, IgA found in secretions from mucous membranes, IgE involved in parasite immunity and allergies, IgD found on surface of B cell
What’s the difference between natural active and natural passive immunity?
natural active is developed by getting an infection that initiates an adaptive immune response and natural passive developed through antibody transfer across the placenta or in breast milk
What are some advantages and disadvantages of live attenuated vaccines?
adv- fewer dose required, adjuvants not needed, cheaper, lower hypersensitivity, single procedure / disadv- reversion, possibly infectious, cold chain required
What are some advantages and disadvantages of inactivated vaccines?
adv- more doses required, adjuvants needed, more stable / disadv- no reversion, less immunogenic
What are some alternative approaches for preparations of immunisations and their purpose?
Synthetic peptides, recombinant-vector vaccines, recombinant-antigen vaccines, DNA vaccines and virus like particles. They eliminate exposure to microbes and protein antigens
Explain the basis of vaccination
specificity and memory
What is clonal selection?
when B cells are clones some become plasma cells that secrete antibodies and the rest become memory cells
What kind of vaccines are normally viable/ non-viable?
viral vaccines often viable (give better protection) and bacterial vaccines normally inactivated (non-viable)
What are some examples of live attenuated vaccines
MMR, TB, yellow fever, poliomyelitis
What are some example of killed suspension and how are they administered?
Bordetella pertussis, vibrio cholera, salmonella typhi, administered on multiple occasions – monthly intervals with boosters later years
What are some examples of component vaccines and how are they administered?
Haemophilus influenza, meningitis C , given on multiple occasions, monthly intervals with boosters years later
What are some examples of toxoids and how are they administered?
Diphtheria and tetanus, multiple occasions, monthly intervals with boosters years later
Describe the composition of the diphtheria toxoid
cell free diphtheria toxoid, antibodies respond to the toxin, protection against disease not infection, administered on 3 occasions
Describe the composition of the tetanus toxoid
cell free toxoid from C tetani, formaldehyde treated preparation, toxin absorbed onto an aluminium phosphate or hydroxide adjuvant
Describe the composition of the bordetella pertussis vaccine
5 highly purified pertussis components, 3 injections, protects against infection/ colonisation and also disease
What is meningitis and which symptoms do you experience?
An acute inflammation of the meninges with an infective cause that is either bacterial, fungal or viral. Symptoms include severe headache, stiff neck, convulsions, dislike bright lights
Who’s affected by meningitis?
infants, children 2-12 & adolescents 19-25
What are the causes of meningitis and vaccinations available?
Listeria monocytogenes, streptococcus pneumonia (PCV- contains parts of polysaccharide coat from 7 serotypes of bacteria), Haemophilus influenza (HiB- capsular polysaccharide, nonliving), Neisseria meningitis (A,B,C): capsular antigen conjugate vaccine non living
Why is compliance important with MMR vaccine?
danger of loss of herd immunity if compliance falls
Describe the composition of the MMR vaccine
living/viable, freeze dried preparations containing live attenuated strains, 3 strains cultured separately and mixed before being lyophilized. Doesn’t contain thiomersal, Priorix an alternative for Muslims
What is measles and what are some complications of it?
an acute viral illness called paramyxovirus. Causes fever, malaise, coryza, conjunctivitis and cough. Rash may appear on mouth / complications include otitis media, pneumonia, diarrhoea and convulsions
What is mumps?
also an acute viral illness cause by paramyxovirus, characterised by bilateral parotid swelling may experience fever, headache, malaise, myalgia and anorexia
What is rubella?
a mild disease cause by togavirus , low grade fever, malaise, coryza and conjunctivitis. Lymphadenopathy may precede rash on ears, face or neck
What problems can be caused by maternal rubella infection?
may result in fetal loss or congenital rubella syndrome which presents cataracts and eye defects, deafness, cardiac abnormalities, microcephaly etc
What are the selective use vaccines for travellers?
cholera, hep A, Japanese encephalitis, meningococcal disease, rabies, tick-borne encephalitis, typhoid fever and yellow fever
What is cholera, the type of vaccine used, its dosage regimen and side effects?
A bacterial infection which causes diarrhoea and vomiting / caused by vibrio cholerae bacterium /inactivated vaccine/ 2 doses 1-6 weeks apart
What is Hep A, the type of vaccine used, its dosage regimen and side effects?
infectious disease of the liver / inactivated virus given IM / single dose / side effects: local reactions
What is Japanese encephalitis, type of vaccine used / dosage / side effects?
an infectious disease which cause inflammation in the brain / transmission via vector / inactivated aluminium adjuvanted vaccine given IM / 2 doses 28 days apart / side effects: local reactions
What is meningococcal disease, the type of vaccine used, dosage and side effects?
infection of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord causing headaches, fever, photophobia , stiff neck etc / caused by Neisseria meningitidis bacteria / Quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine / MenACWY given IM at least 10 days before travel / side effects: nausea, headache, local reactions
What is Rabies, the type of vaccine used, dosage and side effects?
a viral zoonotic encephalitis, affecting the brain and NS / lyssavirus transmitted by bite, scratch or saliva / inactivated IM vaccine / when travelling 3 days day 0,7 & 28) / side effects: local reactions
What is tick-borne encephalitis, the type of vaccine used, dosage and side effects?
disease caused by bite or infected tick resulting in infection and inflammation of brain and spinal cord, has influenza like symptoms / inactivated IM vaccine 3 doses / side effects: local reactions
What is typhoid fever, type of vaccine used, dosage and side effects?
a bacterial infection that spreads through the body with complications like internal bleeding and perforation of digestive tract or bowel / Salmonella typhi bacteria / 2 types of vaccine oral live attenuated vaccine or IM capsular polysaccharide vaccine / inactivated by concomitant admin of antibacterials and antimalarial so 3 day gap / side effects: local reactions & GI disturbances
What is yellow fever, type of vaccine used, dosage and possible side effects?
an infectious disease in 2 phases / live attenuated IM vaccine / phase 1 lasts 3-6 days and phase 2 causes jaundice, abdominal pain, vomiting, haemorrhage
How many parasites cause malaria and which are the greatest threat?
5 parasites, P.falciparum & P.vivax pose greatest threat
What is the treatment for malaria?
quinine, Malarone or Riamet
What general strategies can you use for the prophylaxis of malaria?
long sleeves, DEET spray , chemoprophylaxis a week before travel and up to 4 weeks after
What drugs would you use for suppressive prophylaxis of malaria?
doxycycline, chloroquine & mefloquiine which are directed against RBC stage of parasite, 4 weeks
What drugs would you used for causal prophylaxis of malaria?
Malarone & primaquine which are directed against liver stage of parasite 7 days
Pregnant women cannot take which drugs for prophylaxis of malaria?
doxycycline & Malarone
People with epilepsy cannot take which drugs for malaria prophylaxis?
melfoquine & chloroquine
People with renal impairment cannot take which drugs for prophylaxis of malaria?
Malarone if eGFR is low
