VA Flashcards

1
Q

Types of VA

A

Detection - minimum visible
Resolution -minimum resolvable, optics limitations of eye and phr spacing
Isolated identification - min recognizable
Crowded identification - min recognizable with horizontal contour interaction
Hyperacuity (vernier) - min discriminable

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2
Q

Cardiff Acuity Test

A

Vanishing optotypes

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3
Q

FPL Vernier Acuity

A
  • Not reliably measurable before 10 weeks
  • Rapid emergence shown in longitudinal study
  • Different developmental time course than grating acuity
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4
Q

Vernier Acuity vs. Resolution Acuity

A
  • Vernier acuity developed in parallel to grating acuity between birth & 6 mos
  • Vernier acuity initially worse than grating acuity then dramatically improves between 2 to 8 mos
  • Vernier acuity of very young infants remains controversial
  • Data from monkeys parallel Shimojo results
  • Attainment of adult levels of vernier acuity is delayed compared to resolution acuity
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5
Q

Sweep VEP Vernier and Grating Acuity

A

Infants n = 57 Adults n = 4

Isolate pattern specific responses from those due to motion in the stimulus

VEP grating acuity reaches adult levels earlier than Vernier acuity

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6
Q

relationship between VEP Vernier acuity and grating acuity follows which trend?

A

acuity follows the same developmental trajectory established by previous psychophysical studies of humans and monkeys
* reduction of neural blur, possibly associated with synapse elimination during later development
* hyperacuity-level visual processing can be achieved only after postnatal development at the level of extra-striate cortex

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7
Q

Contrast threshold

A

lowest contrast detectable for a given size stimulus
Contrast = (Lmax-Lmin)/(Lmax+Lmin)

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8
Q

contrast sensitvity

A

reciprocal of the contrast threshold

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9
Q

reason for high and low frequency roll-off

A

High frequency roll-off due to optical blur-imperfect optics of the human eye

Low frequency roll-off due to lateral inhibition-center surround organization of retinal ganglion cells

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10
Q

Importance of contrast sensitivity

A

Low to midrange SF important for facial recognition, recognition of real world targets and mobility

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11
Q

Contrast Sensitivity Development in Monkeys

A
  • Spatial CSFs measured longitudinally on a single infant monkey at 6 ages (between 10 and 38 weeks)
    – Shift upward in sensitivity and rightward in spatial scale
    – Changes of scale = changes in spatial filtering or integration properties of the visual system
    – Changes of sensitivity = efficiency with which visual system can process targets
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12
Q

Human Infant PL Contrast Sensitivity

A
  • Infant CSFs are shifted down and to the left compared to adults
  • Low frequency roll-off not observed at 1 month suggesting mechanisms for lateral inhibition are immature
  • Peak of the CSF moves to higher spatial frequencies with age
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13
Q

Limitations of the Infant Eye on Vision

A
  • Optics
  • Pupil
  • Accommodation
  • Foveal cones
    – Cone dimensions
    – Cone spacing
  • Grating acuity is worse than predicted by cone spacing
  • Post-receptoral limitation on acuity in young infants
  • Spatial scale change caused by cone migration.
  • Cone mosaic of an infant which provides input to a cortical unit.
  • Single cones superimposed on the luminance profile of a cosine grating
  • Increased cone spacing produces a spatial scale shift toward lower spatial frequencies.
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14
Q

how does cone packing and phr maturation explain contrast sensitvity?

A
  • Adult-like band pass filtering appears by 2-3 months post-natal (FPL)
  • Sensitivity to high spatial frequencies continues to develop beyond 6 months of age
  • Photoreceptor maturation may explain the rise in contrast sensitivity with age
    – Reduced quantal absorption by short, immature
    cone outer segments
  • Cone packing density may explain the shift toward higher spatial frequencies
    – Decrease in cone diameter with development of the fovea
    – Higher packing density of cones, decreases size of receptive field of bipolar cells
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15
Q

Clinical measures of spatial vision

A
  • Visual acuity- ability to see fine details
  • Contrast sensitivity- ability to see shades of grey
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16
Q

Infant Temporal Processing Speed

A
  • Processing speed in various sensory domains
    – Strong marker of central nervous system health and functioning
  • Visual temporal processing speed
    – Critical Flicker Fusion (CFF) threshold
    » Highest frequency of a square wave function that the visual system can discriminate
    » Stimulus- flicker light on and off
    » Higher CFF thresholds indicate faster processing and better functioning
    » Positive correlation with cognitive function
    – CFF development in infants
    » Forced-choice Preferential Looking
    » Infants prefer flicker to steady lights
17
Q

CFF across age

A
  • Maximum speed at which the visual system can detect changes
  • Increase in CFF from 3 to 4.5 months
  • Reaches adult levels between 4.5 to 6 months