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Virology > V8 > Flashcards

V8 Flashcards

1
Q

How many Herpes viruses infect humans?

A

8

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2
Q

Name the Herpes viruses that infect humans

A
  • Herpes simplex type 1 & 2 (HSV)
  • Varicella Roster virus (VRV)
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
  • Human herpesvirus 6, 7 & 8 (HHV)
  • Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8, KSHV).
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3
Q

What are the stages of herpesviruses?

A
  • Initial (primary) infection
  • Latent infection
  • Reactivated infection
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4
Q

What occurs during the primary stage of herpesvirus infections?

A
  • May be asymptomatic or subclinical

- Always leads to latency

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5
Q

What occurs during the latent stage of herpesvirus infections?

A

No viral replication, life-long

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6
Q

What occurs during the reactivated stage of herpesvirus infections?

A
  • Virus reactivates from latent stage again causing active infection (= production of progeny virus).
  • Reactivations may be asymptomatic (and thus go
    unnoticed)
  • Shedding of infectious virus particles = potential
    source of transmission
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7
Q

Describe Primary oral HSV infection

A
  • Painful but happens only once in a lifetime
  • Gingivostomatitis with painful mucosal ulceration
  • Typically occurs during childhood.
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8
Q

Describe the latent phase of HSV infection

A

Virus remains dormant in nerves of CNS

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9
Q

Describe a recurrent infection of HSV

A
  • Most common manifestation.
  • Typical, recurrent mucocutaneous lesions.
  • Caused by reactivated infection.
  • Can be “triggered” (stress, sun exposure, diet)
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10
Q

How is HSV diagnosed?

A

Do lumbar puncture, genome testing to diagnose

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11
Q

What are complications of HSV?

A
  • Herpes simplex encephalitis.
  • Ocular: dendritic corneal ulcus; acute retinal necrosis.
  • Neonatal herpes.
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12
Q

What is the main difference between HSV type 1 and 2?

A
  • HSV-1 lies dormant in nerve cells near the base of the neck when outbreaks occur, will appear on the face or neck
  • HSV-2 lies dormant in nerve cells near the base of the spine, when outbreaks occur, will appear around the genitals
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13
Q

How is Varicella Zoster diagnosed?

A

Very typical, don’t need to do lab tests to confirm

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14
Q

How is Varicella zoster prevented?

A

Vaccines

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15
Q

What are the different stages of VSV?

A
  • Primary infection with VZV causes varicella (chicken pox)
  • The virus remains latent in the dorsal root ganglia
  • Herpes zoster, also known as shingles, is caused by the reactivation of the VZV
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16
Q

What is the impact of VZV in adults compared to children?

A
  • Adults: Infection in childhood, then Shingles (zoster) is normal; however Varicella more severe
  • Children: If shingles in young people – query, could be HIV/cancer; Varicella more clinically benign
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17
Q

What is CMV disease?

A

A rare manifestation of CMV infection

18
Q

How does CMV disease present?

A

Febrile illness, hepatitis, pneumonitis, retinitis

19
Q

Which groups are most at risk for CMV disease?

A

Patients with impaired immunity and Infants.

20
Q

What are possible sources of CMV infection in newborn babies?

A
  • Intrauterine (transplacental)
  • Intrapartal (sub partu)
  • Through breastfeeding
  • Nosocomial / transfusion
21
Q

Describe the stages of infection of CMV

A
  • Primary infection clinically mostly unrecognised
  • Lifelong persistence (true latency?): CMV detectable in most tissues and transmissible through blood and organs.
  • Reactivations frequent but also normally inapparent
22
Q

What diseases are caused by EBV?

A

EBV can cause disease ranging from harmless illness to cancer

23
Q

Describe primary infection of EBV

A

infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever, “kissing disease“, “student disease“)

24
Q

EBV is an aetiologic agent for which cancers?

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

25
Q

What are the 2 patterns of influenza epidemiology?

A

epidemic and pandemic influenza

26
Q

What is the pattern of endemic influenza?

A

Regularly occurring seasonal epidemics of varying magnitude:
Tropics: throughout the year.
Temperate and colder areas: in winter months

27
Q

What is the pattern of pandemic influenza?

A

Occasional global pandemics

E.g] 1918 Spanish flu

28
Q

What are the mechanisms behind epidemic influenza?

A
  • Caused by influenza A and B viruses.
  • Antigenic drift: Influenza viruses undergo continuous, subtle antigenic changes in their surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase
    (NA)
29
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of pandemic influenza?

A
  • Pandemic influenza occurs at irregular and unpredictable intervals.
  • Only by influenza A viruses by a newly emerged “human“ virus subtype
  • Antigenic shift: leads to a virus strain with a
    hemagglutinin gene encoding a different subtype from those previously circulating in the human population
30
Q

What is a zoonotic source? (and which influenza is an example of this?)

A

A disease caused by animal viruses that cross the animal-human divide to infect people. Influenza A viruses are originally animal viruses.

31
Q

What are clinical features of influenza?

A
  • Droplet infection, incubation period 48 hours
  • Abrupt onset with fever, headache, photophobia, shivering, dry cough, malaise, myalgia, and dry throat.
  • Uncomplicated influenza: lasts approx 7 days
  • Cough and weakness may persist for some weeks
32
Q

How is measles and rubella transmitted?

A

Transmitted via aerosol and droplets (coughing, sneezing, talking)

33
Q

How can measles and rubella be prevented?

A

Both preventable by live-attenuated vaccines (if combined with mumps: MMR vaccine)

34
Q

How long is the incubation period of measles?

A

8 – 10 days to first signs, 2 weeks until rash appears

35
Q

What is the Contagion index of measles?

A

almost 100, practically everyone who is exposed will become infected

36
Q

What are the complications of measles?

A
  • Interstitial (giant cell) pneumonia.
  • Immunosuppression → bacterial superinfections: pneumonia, otitis media.
  • Exacerbated by Vitamin A deficiency.
  • Cancrum oris
  • Encephalitis: 3 forms:
    >1. Inclusion body enc.
    >Post-infectious enc.
    >Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).
37
Q

What is the incubation period of Rubella?

A

12 – 23 days until rash appears

38
Q

What are the Signs and symptoms of rubella?

A 
rash, swollen lymph nodes, arthralgia of
small joints (esp. in women), serious complications rare
39
Q

What is the main problem with rubella?

A

teratogenic, esp. early in pregnancy

40
Q

What is the Classical Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) triad?

A

cataracts, heart defects, and sensorineural deafness; however numerous other abnormalities may also occur

Virology (8 decks)

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