V: Gas Exchange And Blood

Question 1

Foramen ovale

Answer 1

Window that allows blood to flow between the two sides of the foetal heart. Closes up when born but cause hole in the heart when this process is defective

Question 2

Bohr shift

Answer 2

Oxygen saturation curve shifts to the right

More oxygen offloaded at higher partial pressures

Question 3

Root effect

Answer 3

Shifts oxygen dissociation curve downwards

Question 4

Rete mirable

Answer 4

Long strip of arterioles and veins and huge capillary beds in the swimbladder

Question 5

Physostome

Answer 5

Animal with simple swimbladder: sac with connection back to oesophagus
Control contents by gulping air
Eg, eel, salmon

Question 6

Physoclist

Answer 6

Animal with a completely separated swimbladder

Can only get air in via rete mirable and gas gland through countercurrent multiplication

Question 7

Carbonic anhydrase

Answer 7

Enzyme that produces HCO3- ions

Catalyses conversion of CO2 and H2O to H+ and HCO3-

Question 8

Countercurrent exchange

Answer 8

Crossover of heat/ions/molecules between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other

Question 9

Countercurrent multiplier

Answer 9

Expends energy to create a concentration gradient

Question 10

Difference between Root and Bohr

Answer 10

Root effect concerns reduction in haemoglobins O2 carrying capacity at low pH

Bohr effect concerns the reduction in O2 affinity caused by low pH

Question 11

Common properties of respiratory surfaces

Answer 11

Thin walls
Moist surface
Rich blood supply
Large surface area

Question 12

Elasmobranchs have lungs. True or false?

_______ can be seen before the _______ forms

Answer 12

False

Gill pouches

Gills

Question 13

Gills were present and the base of the _________ phylogeny, before the evolution of __________ and ______________. Gills probably arose from ______________ as _______________ before becoming the ___________ found in modern ray finned fish/actinopterygii. Hagfish and lampreys developed __________ covered by _______________. __________ have elaborated, bilobed gills.

Lungs came later in the ancestor of the ________________.

__________ and _________ arches elaborate to form ______ and __________

Answer 13

Vertebrate
Hagfish and lampreys 
Filter feeding structures 
Small picked that didn't allow water to flow through them
Elaborately branched  
Pouches that penetrated through 
Operculum- protective cover
Teleosts 
Ray and lobe finned fish 
Mandibular
Hyoid
Jaws
Supporting structures

Question 14

Bimodal breathing in lungfish

Answer 14

Species from different continents use lungs and gills to different extents

Australian: reliant on gills for O2/CO2 removal

S. American: gills mainly for CO2 expulsion, heavily reliant on lungs for O2 and CO2

African: rely on lungs for O2, gills for CO2 but also removed in lungs

Question 15

Cutaneous has exchange

Answer 15

Skin must be moist and well supplied with blood

Lungless salamander is so efficient at cutaneous has exchange that it has lost lungs. Highly vascularised, moist skin but prone to infections- major source of new antibiotics

See cutaneous O2 uptake in fish but not CO2 release: because gills v efficient at this anyway and osmoregulation

Question 16

Start to see ________ in animals with lungs. This shows that heart is pumping ___________ and ____________. These hearts have _____________ compared to ___________.

Also have a separate ____________; _______________.

Mammals have ______________________.

Answer 16

Bicoloured
Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
3 or 4 chambers
2 chambered fish heart

Blood supply to lungs
Double circulation
Retained some of the blood vessels that carried blood across gill arches

Question 17

Evolution of _______________ and _________ allowed hearts to pump at high pressure

Answer 17

Endocardium

Myocardium

Question 18

Separate _______ and pump means that blood can be _______ and ___________ at the same time. ___________ speed of delivery to tissue.

Answer 18

Sinus
Collected
Pumped
Increasing

Question 19

Valve preventing back flow in sharks is between:

In ray finned fish:

Answer 19

Ventricle and cornus arteriosus

Ventricle and bulbous arteriosus

Question 20

Lungfish have valves to:

Answer 20

Direct/cut off blood flow to certain gills

Valves at base of vessels crossing the gills

Question 21

Diving mammals, eg ____________ direct blood flow when diving

Some _______ a shunt but can __________ blood flow to ______________ when diving

Answer 21

Weddell seal
Lack
Shutdown
Non-essential tissues