Uzi’s Audisyonullz Flashcards
Talk about TRANSCRANIAL
“Transcranial” refers to processes, procedures, or activities that pass through or involve the cranium (the skull).
Applications:
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS):
> A non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain. It’s often used to treat conditions like depression or neurological disorders.
Transcranial Doppler (TCD):
> A type of ultrasound used to measure blood flow in the brain’s arteries.
Key Focus:
> Generally used to access or examine brain function or blood flow without requiring surgical intervention.
Talk about INTRACRANIAL
“Intracranial” refers to anything located within or occurring inside the cranium (the skull).
Applications:
Intracranial Pressure (ICP):
> Refers to the pressure inside the skull, which is critical to monitor in cases of traumatic brain injury, hydrocephalus, or stroke.
Intracranial Hemorrhage:
> Bleeding within the skull, caused by trauma, aneurysms, or other medical conditions.
Intracranial Tumors:
> Tumors that develop within the brain or surrounding structures.
Key Focus:
> This term often relates to medical conditions or interventions that occur inside the skull
Talk about EXTRACRANIAL
“Extracranial” refers to structures or occurrences outside the cranium (the skull).
Applications:
Extracranial Arteries:
> Such as the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain. Diseases of these arteries (e.g., carotid stenosis) can lead to strokes.
Extracranial Tumors:
> Tumors located outside the skull, potentially affecting areas like the scalp, neck, or external blood vessels.
Key Focus:
> Anything outside the skull but still closely related to the head and neck region.
Talk about STROKE
A stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or significantly reduced, preventing the brain from receiving enough oxygen and nutrients. Without a constant supply of blood, brain cells begin to die within minutes, leading to potential damage to brain tissue and loss of function
How Does Stroke Work?
There are two main types of strokes, each with a different mechanism:
Ischemic Stroke (Most Common, ~87% of cases):
Caused by a blockage or narrowing of blood vessels supplying the brain.
The blockage can result from a blood clot or atherosclerosis (buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries).
Blood flow to specific brain regions is cut off, leading to cell death in the affected areas.
Hemorrhagic Stroke:
Caused by a ruptured blood vessel in the brain, leading to bleeding (hemorrhage).
The bleeding puts pressure on surrounding brain tissue and can damage or kill brain cells.
Common causes include high blood pressure, trauma, or a weakened blood vessel (such as an aneurysm).
There is also a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), sometimes called a “mini-stroke.” It occurs when there is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, usually resolving within minutes to hours without permanent damage. However, TIAs are often a warning sign of a future full stroke.
Possible Managements for Stroke
Early detection is vital—”Time is Brain.” Treatment may include dissolving clots with medication (for ischemic strokes), controlling bleeding (for hemorrhagic strokes), or surgical intervention. Rehabilitation plays a key role in recovery for many patients.
Talk about ISCHEMIC/ISCHEMIA
The term “ischemic” refers to anything related to ischemia, which is a condition where there is a restriction or reduction in blood supply to a tissue, organ, or part of the body. This restriction prevents the affected area from getting enough oxygen and nutrients, which are essential for cells to function properly and survive.
Talk about TRANSIENT
The term “transient” means something that is temporary, short-lived, or not lasting for a long time. It describes anything that exists or happens for only a brief period before disappearing or changing.
Talk about CONTRACTURES
Contractures are a medical condition characterized by the permanent shortening of muscles, tendons, or other soft tissues, leading to stiffness, loss of range of motion, and deformity in the affected joint or body part. They can occur in various parts of the body, such as the fingers, wrists, elbows, shoulders, hips, knees, or feet.
Talk about IPSILATERAL & CONTRALATERAL
Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral:
In the context of the nervous system, “ipsilateral” means “on the same side,” while “contralateral” means “on the opposite side
The group of Arteries that provide oxygen and nutrients to the brain
Carotid Arteries (Extracranial)
