uyvbu Flashcards
carbon sequestered question
18.6
remember divide by 2
sympatric speciation
Sympatric speciation occurs within populations that share the same habitat. It happens less frequently than allopatric speciation and is more common in plants than animals.
It can occur when members of two different species interbreed and form fertile offspring - this often happens in plants.
The hybrid formed, which is a new species, will have a different number of chromosomes to either parent and may no longer be able to interbreed with members of either parent population.
This stops gene flow and reproductively isolates the hybrid organisms.
Examples of sympatric speciation include fungus-farming ants and blind mole rats.
other definition of sympatric speciation
A form of speciation that occurs when two populations within the same area become reproductively isolated
Gibbs calculator’s ques
+80
negative for the sign of Gibbs
homeobox genes
Homeobox genes are a group of genes which all contain a homeobox.
The homeobox is a section of DNA 180 base pairs long coding for a part of the protein 60 amino acids long that is highly conserved (very similar) in plants, animals, and fungi.
This part of the protein, a homeodomain, binds to DNA and switches other genes on or off, Therefore, homeobox genes are regulatory genes.
The common ancestor of the mouse and human is thought to have lived about 60 million years ago.
Mutations have been accumulating ever since and evolution has led to two very different organisms.
Many of the homeobox genes present in the mouse and human, however, still have identical nucleotide sequences.
Pax6 is one of the homeobox genes.
When mutated it causes a form of blindness (due to underdevelopment of the retina) in humans.
Mice and fruit flies also have this gene and disruption of the gene causes blindness in these organisms as well.
These findings suggest that Pax6 is a gene involved in the development of eyes in all three species.
Hox genes:
Hox genes (often used interchangeably with homeobox genes) are one group of homeobox genes that are only present in animals.
They are responsible for the correct positioning of body parts.
In animals the Hox genes are found in gene clusters - mammals have four clusters on different chromosomes.
The order in which the genes appear along the chromosome is the order in which their effects are expressed in the organism.
Human beings have 39 Hox genes in total that are all believed to have arisen from one ancient homeobox gene by duplication and accumulated mutations over time.
first question label
cartilage and smooth muscle
fill int he blanks
distilled water
sealed
standard devaition
or conical flask?
sa:v ratio
53: 16
46:1
phenotype question
4*4
AaBb =4 gametes the other was aaBa so two gametes
improvements
use a syringe with scale as pipette may not be so accurate
cofactors:
a non-protein ‘helper’ component needed by enzymes in order to carry out their function as biological catalysts.
They may transfer atoms or groups from one reaction to another in a multi-step pathway or they may actually form part of the active site of an enzyme.
if the cofactor is an organic molecule it is called a coenzyme.
How are Inorganic cofactors obtained:
via the diet as minerals, including iron, calcium, chloride, and zinc ions.
For example, the enzyme amylase, which catalyses the breakdown of starch, contains a chloride ion that is necessary for the formation of a correctly shaped active site.
Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins, a class of organic molecule found in the diet.
For example, vitamin B3 is used to synthesise NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a coenzyme responsible for the transfer of hydrogen atoms between molecules involved in respiration.
NADP, which plays a similar role in photosynthesis, is also derived from vitamin B3.
Another example is vitamin B5, which is used to make coenzyme A.
Coenzyme A is essential in the breakdown of fatty acids and carbohydrates in respiration.
Bioinformatics
is the development of the software and computing tools needed to organise and analyse raw biological data, including the development of algorithms, mathematical models, and statistical tests that help us to make sense of the enormous quantities of data being generated.
Computational biology then uses this data to build theoretical models of biological systems, which can be used to predict what will happen in different circumstances.
Computational biology is the study of biology using computational techniques, especially in the analysis of huge amounts of biodata.
For example, it is important in the analysis of the data from sequencing the billions of base pairs in DNA, for working out the 3D structures of proteins, and for understanding molecular pathways such as gene regulation.
It helps us to use the information from DNA sequencing - for example in identifying genes linked to specific diseases in populations and in determining the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
how genes on Brian development
Introduction (1 mark):
Define Hox genes as a family of genes that play a crucial role in the regulation of embryonic development and the patterning of body structures.
Mention their involvement in controlling the identity and positioning of body segments during development.
Hox Genes in Brain Development (2 marks):
Explain that Hox genes are not only involved in the development of body segments but also play a role in specifying regional identity along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo.
Specify how Hox genes are expressed in a spatial and temporal manner, guiding the differentiation and development of various structures, including the brain.
Hox Genes and Regionalization in the Brain (2 marks):
Discuss how the expression of Hox genes is associated with the regionalization of the brain into distinct segments.
Provide examples of specific Hox genes that are known to influence different regions of the brain, indicating their specific roles in brain patterning.
Functional Implications (1 mark):
Highlight the functional implications of proper Hox gene expression in brain development, emphasizing the importance of precise spatial and temporal regulation for the formation of functional brain structures.
Mention any consequences or abnormalities associated with Hox gene misregulation in brain development.
Conclusion (1 mark):
Summarize the critical role of Hox genes in brain development.
Highlight the broader significance of understanding Hox gene function for comprehending the complexities of embryonic development and potential applications in medicine.
