Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

STEP 1 - UWORLD Mine > UWORLD ROUND 1 > Flashcards

UWORLD ROUND 1 Flashcards

1
Q

by what week of gestation do neural crest cells reach the proximal colon and rectum?

A

8th week-proximal colon

12th week - rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The arrest of migration of neural crest cells during gestation causes which disease?

A

Hirschsprung disease (rectum is always involved)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sx of Hirschsprung disease?

A
  • failure to pass meconium within 48 hrs of birth
  • sx of intestinal obstruction (bilious vomiting & abd. distention)
  • bowel is filled with stool but the rectum is empty
  • anal sphincter tone increased
  • rectal biopsy reveals an anganglionic segment of bowel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is caused by what type of hypersensitivity?

A

nephritic syndrome
type III (immune-complex-mediated) hypersensitivity
-deposition of antibody-antigen complexes (IgG, IgM, C3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pleiotropy

A

multiple phenotypic manifestations result from a single genetic mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

local heterogeneity

A

ability of one disease or trait to be caused mutations in multiple different genes. Ex: familial hypercholesteremia, which can be caused by different mutations affecting cholesterol metabolism (LDL receptor, apo B-100)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

alpha 1 receptor:
target organ
effect of stimulation
examples

A

target organ: peripheral vasculature, bladder, eye

effect: inc. BP (esp. systolic), contraction of internal urethral sphincter, mydriasis (contraction of pupillary dilator muscle)

Ex: Epi, NE, phenylephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

beta 1 receptor:
target organ
effect of stimulation
examples

A

target organ: heart

effect: inc. HR, contractility & conductance

Ex: Epi, Dopamine, Dobutamine, Isoproterenol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Beta 2 receptor:
target organ
effect of stimulation
examples

A

target: peripheral vasculature (smooth muscle), bronchi, uterus
effect: vasodilation, dec. BP (esp. diastolic), bronchodilation, uterus relaxation (tocolysis)

Ex: Isoproterenol, Terbutaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

nonselective beta agonist MOA

A

inc. myocardial contractility and dec. systemic vascular resistance

Ex: isoproterenol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

virulence factor of strep. pneumo

A

polysaccharide capsule that inhibits opsonization and phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

MOA of fluorouracil

A

inhibits thymidylate synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

clostridium perfringens alpha toxin affects cells and facilitates the spread of gas gangrene via what MOA

A

splitting lecithin to phosphorylcholine and diglyceride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

surface ectoderm derivatives

A
  • anterior pituitary (rathke pouch)
  • lens & cornea
  • inner ear sensory organs, olfactory epithelium
  • nasal & oral epithelial linings, salivary glands
  • epidermis, sweat and mammary glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

neural tube (from ectoderm) derivatives

A
  • brain & spinal cord
  • post. pituitary, pineal gland
  • retina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

neural crest (from ectoderm) derivatives

A
  • neural ganglia, adrenal medulla
  • schwann cells; pia & arachnoid mater
  • aorticopulmonary septum & endocardial cushions
  • branchial arches (bones & cartilage)
  • skull bones
  • melanocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

mesoderm derivatives

A
  • Muscles (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)
  • CT, bone, cartilage
  • Serosal linings (peritoneum)
  • Cardiovascular & lymphtic system
  • Spleen & hemopoietic cells
  • Kidney & ureters, internal genitalia
  • Adrenal cortex
18
Q

Endoderm derivatives

A
  • GI tract, liver, pancreas
  • Lungs
  • Thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells
  • Middle ear epithelium
  • Bladder & urethra
  • Parafollicular (C) cells
19
Q

gap junction proteins

A

proteins: connexins

upregulated by estrogen immediately prior to delivery

20
Q

tight junction proteins

A

claudins, occludin

21
Q

adherens junction proteins

A

cadherins

22
Q

desmosome proteins

A

cadherins (desmogleins, desmoplakin)

23
Q

hemidesmosome proteins

A

integrins

24
Q

what is the diagnostic feature of infectious mononucleosis

A

reactive lymphocytes:
large, scalloped and have abundant cytoplasm.
They contain cytotoxic granules composed of perforins (create holes in the infected cell’s membrane) and granzymes (enter the cytoplasm of infected cells and trigger cell death), which are released in response to foreign antigens on the surface of MHC I receptors (cytotoxic T cells) of infected host cells

25
Q

ventral pancreatic bud contributes to which structures?

A

main pancreatic duct and uncinate process

26
Q

the dorsal pancreatic bud contributes to which structures?

A

body, tail, isthmus and accessory pancreatic duct

27
Q

what embryonic structure composes the pancreatic head?

A

both ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds

28
Q

chromaffin cells:

location & function

A

modified neuroendocrine cells derived from the neural crest and located in the adrenal medulla
-they are stimulated by acetylcholine released by sympathetic preganglionic neurons and secrete catecholamines (80% Epi, 20% NE) directly into the bloodstream to amplify SNS activity

29
Q

role of cortisol in catecholamine synthesis?

A

cortisol produced in response to ACTH increases the activity of the adrenal medullary enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, which catalyzes the conversion of NE to Epi

30
Q

site of thoracentesis

A
  • below 6th rib midclavicular
  • below 8th rib midaxillary
  • below 10th rib paraverterbrally

**insertion of needle below the 9th rib increases the risk of penetrating abdominal structures

31
Q

GPCR receptors on pancreatic beta cells:

A
  • M3 - Gq - inc. insulin secretion
  • Glucagon - Gs/Gq - inc. insulin secretion
  • beta 2 adrenergic & Glucagon like peptide 1- Gs - inc. insulin secretion

**alpha 2 adrenergic, somatostatin 2 - Gi - decrease insulin secretion

32
Q

sympathetic stimulation’s effect on insulin secretion

A

pancreatic beta cells contain both alpha 2 and beta 2 receptors, which exert opposite effects. However, alpha 2 mediated inhibitory effect is predominant, causing SNS to lead to overall inhibition of insulin secretion

33
Q

thayer martin medium

A

used to identify pathogenic Neisseria organisms:
chocolate sheep blood agar infused with vanocmyocin to inhibit gram positive bacteria, colistin and trimethoprim to inhibit gram negative bacteria and nystatin to inhibit yeast

34
Q

function of glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

A

regulates glucose by slowing gastric emptying, suppressing glucagon secretion and increasing glucose-dependent insulin release

35
Q

which drugs decrease breakdown of GLP-1?

A

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, saxagliptin) decrease breakdown of GLP-1 and improve glycemic control in patients with type II diabetes

*low risk of hypoglycemia

36
Q

mechanism of penicillin resistance:

A
  • beta lactamase, ESBL
  • mutated penicillin binding proteins
  • mutated porin protein
37
Q

mechanism of vancomycin resistance:

A
  • mutated peptidoglycan cell wall

- impaired influx/increased efflux

38
Q

mechanisms of quinolone resistance:

A
  • mutated DNA gyrase

- impaired influx/increased efflux

39
Q

mechanism of aminoglycosides resistance:

A
  • aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes
  • mutated ribosomal subunit protein
  • mutated porin protein
40
Q

mechanism of tetracycline resistance:

A
  • impaired influx/increased efflux

- inactivated enzyme

41
Q

mechanism of rifamycin resistance:

A

-mutated RNA polymerase

42
Q

A stepmother treats a child she resents with excessive nurturing and overprotection

A

reaction formation - replacing a warded-off idea or feeling with an emphasis on its opposite

STEP 1 - UWORLD Mine (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions