UWORLD Missed Questions Flashcards
What organism can colonize lung cavities formed from TB forming a ball which results in hemoptysis
Asperillus fumigatus
In what abnormal structure do Aspergillomas (fungal balls) colonize?
Lung cavities formed from TB (also Emphysema and Sarcoidosis)
What syndrome is associated with nuchal translucency and a decreased maternal serum alpha fetoprotein
Down Syndrome
What chromosome abnormality is found in Down syndrome
47 XY, +21
Trisomy 21
What is the most common GI finding in Down Syndrome
Duodenal atresia
What is the mnemonic Drinking age = 21
D represents Down Syndrome
21 helps you remember that it is a trisomy of the chromosome 21
What is a Type 2 error
A false negative error
Stating that there is no effect of X on Y when in reality there is
How can you reduce the chance of a Type 2 error
Increase power of a test by increasing sample size
What disorder is associated with Mullerian duct agenesis leading to primary amenorrhea with normal secondary sexual characteristics
Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome
MRKH Syndrome
What does the Mullerian duct (Paramesonephric duct) give rise to?
Fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina
What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions? (What binds to the antigen in each)
Type 1 - IgE binding to antigen and causing mast cell degranulation
Type 2 - Fab portion of antibody binding to antigen leading to its destruction
Type 3 - Fab portion of antibody binding to antigen forming an immune complex
Type 4 - Th cells encountering antigen and releasing cytokines
Which hypersensitivity reactions involve antibody
Types 1, 2, and 3
What is the mnemonic to remember the SSRI’s?
FLashbacks PAralyze SEnior CItizens
Fluoxetine
Paroxetine
Sertraline
Citalopram
What is one of the main side effects of SSRI’s
Sexual dysfunction
What are the three enzymes in the path to begin glycogen synthesis? (Hint: Insulin first binds….)
Insulin binds to TYROSINE KINASE receptor on Liver and SM
Tyrosine kinase triggers PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE
Protein phosphatase activates GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE
What tissues synthesize glycogen
Liver and Skeletal Muscle
What does the CFTR protein require prior to releasing chloride ions from the cell
2 ATPs binding
What is the gene involved with CF
CFTR = Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator protein
What anatomical structures are cut in an episiotomy (Cut made sometimes during birth to make delivery easier)
Vaginal and subvaginal mucossa, and the perineal body
What structure is located anterior to the anus on the pelvic floor and lies between the anus and the urogenital region
Perineal body
What endometrial condition involves uniform enlargement of the uterus with painful heavy bleeding
Adenomyosis
What two disorders can result from Bartonella henselae
Cat scratch disease and Bacillary angiomatosis
What disorder presents with scratch marks on the arm and regional lymphadenopathy
Cat scratch disease by Bartonella henselae
What is it called when 2 different viruses form a hybrid virus that is able to infect a host it previously could not, but then the subsequent progeny revert to normal
Phenotypic mixing
How come in phenotypic mixing, the subsequent progeny do not remain hybrids?
Because the genetic material is not exchanged or altered
What are the percentages within:
1 standard deviation above and below
2 standard deviations above and below
3 standard deviations above and below
68%
95%
99.7%
What condition results when the midgut does not rotate the full 270 degrees counterclockwise (90 + 180) around the Superior mesenteric artery during the 10th week of gestation
Midgut malrotation
What disorder presents with formation of fibrous bands (Ladds bands) in the abdominal cavity and bilious emesis from intestinal obstruction
Midgut malrotation
What are the two primary functions of eosinophils
Type 1 Hypersensitivity and Parasitic defense
Through which immune mechanism do eosinophils protect against parasitic infxn
Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
In patients with anxiety, what must you rule out before diagnosing them with an anxiety disorder such as panic attacks or generalized anxiety disorder
A legit medical condition or substance abuse (Anxiety could be secondary to this)
What results with vomiting, tachypnea, and confusion/coma
Hyperammonemia from a Urea cycle disorder (Conversion of ammonia to urea)
What is the most common disorder of the Uric Acid cycle and how will it present
Ornithine Transcarbamylase deficiency
Hyperammonemia and elevated urinary Orotic Acid
Which disorder has the EKG findings atria and ventricles depolarizing completely separate of each other at a regular rhythm
3rd degree AV block
Which cells in the hearts conduction system possess pacemaker ability
All 4 of them: SA node, AV node, Bundle of HIS, and Purkinje
Its just that the SA node is fastest so it stifles impulse generation from the others and is the primary pacemaker
Which nerve is responsible for the sensory component of the corneal reflex?
Nasociliary nerve (branch of Ophthalmic V1)
Which nerve is responsible for medial adduction of the eye
Oculomotor (CN 3)
In what anatomical structure do both the nasociliary nerve and oculomotor nerve meet?
Superior orbital fissure
What is the most common cause of nipple discharge (bloody or serous)
Intraductal papilloma
What breast findings can be seen on exam in a person with intraductal papilloma
Nothing really. Just serous discharge or blood from twisting vessels. No palpable masses
What cell junction type is upregulated during labor
Gap junction
What are Gap junctions made of
Connexin proteins
Which disease has IgA immune complex deposition in small vessels and kidney causing a red rash on the butt and legs, joint pain, abdominal pain, and nephropathy
HSP
What is the most common systemic vasculitis in children
HSP
What disorder presents with fever, myalgia, pharyngitis, , splenomegaly, and atypical lymphocytes
Mononucleosis
Wht agents are responsible for causing Mono
EBV and CMV
What is it called when only one parents gene isexpressed by an individual due to methylation of the other parents gene
Genomic imprinting
What are the 3 differences between Delirium and Dementia
Delirium is acute. Dementia is gradual
Delirium has impaired consciousness. Dementia has intact consciousness
Delirium is reversible. Dementia is irreversible
What disorder is characterized by a failure of neural crest tissue to migrate fully down the vagus nerve resulting in failure to form Auerbach and Meissner plexuses. Presents with abdominal dilation and a failure to pass meconium within 48 hours
Hirschprung disease
What anatomic structure is always affected in Hirschprung dz
Rectum
What is pyruvate converted to during cases of hypoxia and what enzyme catalyzes this process
Lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase
What is the role of ADP in Muscle contraction? ATP?
ADP helps bind myosin to actin
ATP helps release myosin from actin
What injury occurs when a child falls while holding their parents hand
Radial head subluxation
What structure is defective in a radial head subluxation
Annular ligament
What is the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention?
Primary - Preventing a disease from occuring
Secondary - Preventing symptoms from occuring in someone who got the disease
Tertiary - Preventing complications from occuring in someone who has the disease and is symptomatic
What molecule used in the synthesis of a fatty acid that also inhibits beta oxidation of fatty acids from occuring
Malonyl coA
During acid base imbalances, if you have respiratory acidosis with an elevated CO2 but a normal bicarb, what does this signify?
It is an acute condition
Which acid base compensation occurs immediately? and which one occurs over 3-5 days
Immediate - Respiratory compensation
Delayed - Metabolic compensation
What is calculated in a Case control study
Odd ratio
What is it called when the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds fail to fuse properly during development and the ventral bud encirclest he duodenum
Annular pancreas
What is a possible complication of annular pancreas
Constricture of the duodenum
What are the 3 types of transplant rejection and when does each occur
Hyperacute - Minutes
Acute - Weeks to months
Chronic - Months to years
Which phase of transplant rejection is characterized by smooth muscle prliferation and interstitial fibrosis which result in lumenal narrowing
Chronic
As you move further down the respiratory tract, which feature goes the furthest? Goblet cells, mucous glands, cartialge, or cilia and why
Cilia. Push mucus up.
If goblet cells were lower the mucus would backflow
These all end by the terminal bronchi. From here phagocytes clear remaining particles that go lower
What is one of the long term side effects of antipsychotics
Tardive dyskinesia
What is the sequence TTAGGG
Telomere
Which cranial nerve passes through the posterior triangle of the neck
Spinal accessory nerve
What muscles are affected in painful abduction of the arm above the horizontal and a drooping shoulder appearance
Trapezius
Which pathogen is responsible for causing spasmodic contractions and risus sardonicus
Clostridium tetani
Which pathogen has the toxin travel from the wound site to the spinal cord via retrograde axoplasmic flow along motor neuron axons and inhibits inhibitory neurons
Clostridium tetani
Up to what age is it completely normal for children to play with dolls and toys associated with the opposite sex as they form a gender identity?
Up to 3 to 4 years
What is the prolonged feeling that your gender doesn’t match your birth sex
Gender dysphoria
The finding of pancreatic and gastric tissue in Meckels diverticulum is due to what type of process
Ectopy
What tissue type is most commonly found in Meckel’s diverticulum and is associated with producing abdominal pain
Gastric mucosa (produces acid causing ulceration)
What major artery supplies the primary visual cortex (striate cortex) and can result in a contralateral homonomyous hemianopia with macular sparing if infarcted
PCA
Which disorder results from a lack of the paternal X chromosome
Turners syndrome
Which disorder presents with coarctation of the aorta, cystic hygromas in the neck, and lymphedema in the extremities
Turners
What disorder results in neurological defects, albinism, and immunodeficiency (recurrent infxns)
Chediak Higashi
Where is rRNA synthesized
Nucleolus
What two things are triglycerides broken down into
Glycerol and fatty acids
What is a odd function of M3 cholinergic receptors that differs from its normal contraction of the bladder, GI, and pupil
It causes NO release from peripheral endothelial cells and thus relaxation resulting in vasodilation
Which organism does Thayer Marin selective media isolate?
Neisseria
Which medium contains vancomycin, colistin, nystatin, and trimethoprim?
Thayer Marin selective media
What is the mnemonic Very Typically Cultures Neisseria and what is it used for
It is used to identify the components of the Thayer martin culture media
Vancomycin
Trimethoprim
Colistin
Nystatin
What term describes the probability of seeing a difference when there is one
Power
What condition results from defective cytoskeletal proteins spectrin and ankyrin in RBCs
Hereditary spherocytosis
What structure connects the bladder to the yolk sac during development and gives rise to the urachus
Allantois
What condition involves discharge from the belly button in a newborn
Patent urachus
Which dataset (mean, median, mode, range, variange) is resistant to outliers
Mode
Which dataset term is defined as the most frequently observed data point in a trial? For example, 37 of 50 students scored a 100 on the test. In this case, the score of 100, which is the score with the majority of students would be considered the….
Mode
What muscle forms the pelvic floor
Levator ani
What three muscle components make up the levator ani
Iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, and puborectalis
Which dissacharide forms fructose + glucose
Sucrose
Aldolase B is an important enzyme in the metabolism of what molecule
Fructose/Sucrose (Sucrose also since it breaks down into fructose)
Which hypersensitivity reactions utilize complement and may result in hypocomplementemia
Types 2 and 3
Which hypersensitivity reaction results in arthralgias
Type 3 (serum sickness)
Which type of lung pathology has increased elastic recoil and incresed radial traction
Interstitial lung diseases (This is a ype of Restrictive lung disease)
Which psychiatric disorder is characterized by one or more manic episodes involving elevated irritability and hyperactivity and may occur with psychotic features
Bipolar 1 disorder
Which disorder most commonly results in Congenital Bilateral Absence of the Vas Deferens (CBAVD) and thus infertility
Cystic fibrosis
Which is the only pathogenic fungus with a polysaccharide capsule that makes it resistant to phagocytosis
Cryptococcus neoformans
Which pathogen has a capsule that is red on mucicarmine stain and cleear on india ink stain
Cryptococcus neoformans
In a patient centered approach, what is the most important thing to do when responding to a pt
Educate them
What organism destroys the myenteric plexus resulting in Achalasia in individuals from south america
Trypanosoma cruzi
Which disorder has the birds beak appearance on barium swallow
Achalasia
Which type of breast cancer has a irregularly shaped mass typicaly in the outer upper quadrants
Invasive breast carcinoma
Dimpling of the breast in cases of breast cancer signal involvement of which anatomical structure
Suspensory ligaments
Which disorder is characterized by the appearance of ragged red fibers on muscle biopsy
Mitochondrial myopathy
What two tissues are most affected by mitochondrial myopathy
CNS and Skeletal muscle b/c they use the most ATP
What 3 things shift the Oxygen hemoglobin disassociation curve to the left
Decreased Hydrogen ions
Decreased 2,3-BPG
Decreased Temperature
If a person A has a higher O2 affinity than person B, person A’s Oxygen-hemoglobin diassociation curve will be shifted
Left
What finding will be seen on immunofluorescnece of a glomerular or alveolar tissue biopsy with antibodies against the basement membrane
Linear deposits
Which interleukin promotes B cell growth and activates T cells, NK cells, and monocytes
IL 2
What feature of IL 2 gives it anti tumor capabilities
It’s activation of T cells and NK cells
Why does the oxygen partial pressure of blood drop once it reaches the LA
Mixes with deoxygenated blood (the deoxygenated blood from the lung and heart circulation empty here)
What two features in a study can help reduce observer and expectancy bias
Blinding and the use of placebo
Which artery is formed from the 3rd branchial arch
Carotid
What two ions contribute the most to the resting membrane potential of a cell at -70 mV
Sodium and potassium
Which ion has the greatest effect on the membrane potential of a cell due to it having the greatest permeability
Potassium (-80 mV equilibrium potential)
The metanephric mesenchyme gives rise to which structures in the adult
Glomerulus through distal convoluted tubule
Which embryonic structure gives rise to the ureter, pelvises, calyces, and collecting ducts
Ureteric buds
Which vaccine is conjugated to tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, or Neisseria outer membrane protein to help make it T-dependent and more immunogenic
Hib
What is the point of conjugating a vaccine with another pathogen
Make it T cell dependent
What pathogen is infamous for causing post infection glomerulonephritis
Strep pyogenes
What can be seen on renal biopsy in a patient with post sreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Immune complex deposition
In intoxicated individuals who refuse medical help due to impaired decision making capacity, what should you do
Keep them in the ER until they sober up and then reassess
What substance is responsible for directly signaling glycogen phosphorylase kinase to phosphorylate glycogen phosphorylase during contraction
Calcium
Which ligament attaches to the medial femoral condyle of the knee?
PCL
Which pathogen is bile soluble, optochin sensitive, and alpha hemolytic
Strep pneumo
What is the most commonly fractured bone
Clavicle
Which muscle is responsible for pulling the medial portion of the clavicle upward in a clavicle fracture
Sternocleidomastoid
What are the primary class of drugs for major depression
SSRI
What is the mechanism of SSRIs
Block serotonin reuptake in presynaptic nerve
Which disorder presents with skin tumors and hyperpigmented lesions
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (Cutaneous neurofibromas and Cafe au lait spots)
What embryological tissue is responsible for the cutaneous neurofibromas found in Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neural crest cells
Which mode of inheritance is often associated with heteroplasmy
Mitochondiral inheritance
What is it called when variable expression results due to the presence of both normal and abnormal mitochondrial genotypes within a single cell
Heteroplasmy
Which cytokine is responsible for inducing isotype switch
IL-4
Secondary lactase deficiency can occur following what infection
Giardiasis
What intrauterine findings are seen during an ectopic pregnancy due to progesterone release (in spite of the absent embryo)
Dilated coiled endometrial glands and vascularized edematous stroma
In cardiac pacemaker cells, what substance can prolong phase 4
Adenosine
Which ions are responsible for the phase 4 rise in pacemaker membrane potential
Slowing of K efflux
Na and Ca influx
Which observational study compares 2 groups with different risk factors and then looks at disease incidence
Cohort study
Which pathogen can cause infection that leads to Waterhouse Friedrichsen Syndrome
Neisseria meningitidis
Which disorder is characterized by adrenal insufficiency, DIC, and shock
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
What type of defense mechanism involves an individual replacing unacceptable feelings with the exact opposite such as a someone with sexual feelings going to a monastery
Reaction formation
Which dopaminergic pathway is responsible for inhibiting the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary
Tuberoinfundibular
Which class of drugs can inhibit the dopaminergic pathways by inhibiting D2 receptors
Antipsychotics
Which cell types release the protease elastase
Macrophages and neutrophils
What disorder has the classic triad of conjunctivitis, arthralgia, and urethritis
Reactive arthritis (can’t see, can’t pee, can’t climb a tree)
What disorder is characterized as a seronegative spondyloarthritis and can thus cause sacroilitis in addition to its classic triad
Reactive arthritis
Which enzyme is responsible for transporting fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondira during fatty acid degradation
Carnitine
What is the mnemonic CARNitine = CARNage used for and what does it stand for
Carnitine is responsible for fatty acid degradation and carnage means killing a bunch of people
Acetyl CoA can either enter the TCA cycle or the Ketone body synthesis pathway. Which substance is it converted to in the ketone path
Acetoacetate
What term is used to describe the estimate of variability that exists between the sample mean and the true mean of a population
Standard error of mean
What is the equation to calculate a confidence interval?
CI = mean +/- Z(SEM)
Z = Z score
Z score for 95% is 1.96
Z score for 99% is 2.58
What is the equation to calculate the Standard error of mean
SEM = SD / sqrt(n)
PTH has what effect on the kidney
Increases Ca reabsorbtion and decreases Phosphorous reabsorbtion
Which cells contain PTH receptors that allow them to produce RANKL resulting in increased bone resorption activity
Osteoblasts NOT OSTEOCLASTS
PTH increases osteoclast activity INDIRECTLY by acting on osteoblasts which produce RANKL receptors that activate osteoclasts
An cavitary lesion with an air fluid level describes what
An abscess
What is the most common cause of a lung absces
Aspiration
What does being a true diverticulum mean
Contains all 3 intestinal wall layers: Mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis
What is the blind pouch that extends from the ileum and contains all three intestinal layers
Meckel’s Diverticulum
Which pharyngeal pouch contains the thymus and inferior parathyroid glands
3rd
Which organ is enlarged in myasthenia gravis
Thymus
What is usually the best preventive intervention especially in diabetics
Smoking cessation
What is gluten
A grain
What condition results in duodenal changes including villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, inflammation
Celiac disease
What disorder is characterized by annoying others, blaming others, getting annoyed easily, and not listening to authoritative figures
Oppositional defiant disorder
What are the two promoter regions
CAAT and TATA box
What is the region where RNA polymerase 2 binds for transcription
Promoter regions
Which disorder has hypogammaglobulinemia and low/absent T cells
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
What compound accumulates in Alkaptonuria resulting in bluish black tissues and black urine after it sits a while
Homogentisic acid
Homogentisic acid is a compound found in what pathway
Tyrosine metabolism
What cell type is has racquet shaped intracytoplasmic granules
Langerhans cells
What are dendritic cells in the skin known as
Langerhans cells
What is it called when the urethra opens on the ventral side of the penis proximal to the distal tip of the penis
Hypospadias
Failure of the urethral folds to close in a male results in what
Hypospadias
What is the term used to describe the number of patients needed to treat in order to avoid a negative outcome in one patient
Number Needed to Treat (NNT)
How do you calculate the Number Needed to Treat (NNT)
NNT = 1 / Absolute Risk Reduction
What virus has a segmented genome
Influenza virus
Viruses with segmented genomes undergo genetic/antigenic shift by what mechanism
Reassortment
What physiologic process does cyanide poisoning target
Cytochrome C in ETC
What agents work to unbind Cyanide from Cytochrome C by inducing Methemoglobinemia (Fe3+), giving cyanide a new binding spot
Nitrites
What gastric tumor commonly metastasizes to the ovaries via lymphatics
Krukenberg tumor
What displays signet ring cells do to excessive mucin production displacing the nucleus
Krukenberg tumor
What disorder is characterized by physical symptoms causing severe distress but has no etiology and that is not being feigned
Somatic symptom disorder
How do you manage an individual with somatic symptom disorder
Have them follow up regularly with the same provider
Back pain with recent bacteremia should lead you to suspect what disorder
Vertebral osteomyelitis
What is the imaging method of choice for osteomyelitis
MRI
Which artery is involved in an inferior wall MI
Right coronary artery
What inhibits the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary during pregnancy thus resulting in suppressed lactation
Progesterone
What is the virulence factor in strep pneumo
Polysaccharide capsule
What disorder presents with an eczematous rash and a musty body odor
Phenylketonuria
phenylalanine builds up and the phenyl group is AROMAtic and gives the smell
What is the inheritance pattern of Phenylketonuria
Autosomal recessive
Which catabolic pathway when functioning normally produces acetoacetate (ketone bodies)
Beta oxidation of fatty acids
What enzyme deficiency within the mitochondrial matrix may result in hypoketonic hypoglycemia
Acyl CoA dehydrogenase
What disorder presents with maldevelopment of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches
DiGeorge Syndrome
The 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches form what structures
3rd - Inferior parathyroid and Thymus
4th - Superior parathyroid
The correlation coefficient value can range from
-1 to +1
What disorder presents with a down and out appearance of the eye
Oculomotor nerve palsy
Between what vessels does the Oculomotor nerve emerge on the brain making it prone to Berry aneurysms
Superior Cerebellar and PCA
To prevent future asthma triggers, what medications should be used
Anti IgE antibodies (Omalizumab)
NOT antihistamines. That hels with urticaria and stuff
If you suspect a patient is illiterate and you need to explain something to them, what may be beneficial
Using another sensory approach like a visual approach
In males, what is the fxn of FSH and LH
FSH - Acts on Sertoli cells to secrete inhibin B
LH - Acts on Interstitial cells of Leydig to secrete Testosterone
Hint: F[S]H acts on [S]ertoli cells
Tendons are composed of what
Type 1 collagen
What collagen form is present in wound repair and scarring
Type 1 collagen
What is the acronym to remember the collagens and what does it stand for
Be So Totally Cool Read Books
Type 1: Bones, skin, tendon
Type 2: Cartilage
Type 3: Reticulin (vessels)
Type 4: Basement membrane
A diverticula form the foregut leads to the development of what
Trachea and respiratory tract
An infant that presents with choking, drooling, and cyanosis during feeding should be suspected to have what condition
Tracheoesophageal fistula
What disorder is characterized by recurring intrusive thoughts and repetitive time consuming actions
OCD
Aside from the definitions themselves, what is the big difference between OCD and Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
OCD - Ego dystonic
OCPD - Ego systonic
What is the mechanism by which Huntingtons CAG repeats cause decreased gene expression
Histone deacetylation
What is the purpose of histone acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation
Gain access to DNA for replication/transcription
What disorder can result in a rash on the palms and soles from a small cell vasculitis
Neisseria meningitidis infection
What immune system component is necessary to fight off a Neisseria infxn
C5-C9 (MAC)
What disorder presents with fatigue, cold intolerance, myalgia, bradycardia, constipation, and a number of other things
Hypothyroidism
The thyroid secretes what hormone primarily
T4
May be deaminated to T3 in periphery
Foot drop and steppage gait indicate damage to which nerve
Common peroneal
At which point on the sarcomere does actin bind to structural proteins
Z line
What disorder is characterized by watery diarrhea, hypochlremia, and achlorhydria
Vipoma
AKA WDHA syndrome
What hormone is released from a vipoma
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
Maternal CMV infection during pregnancy results in what eye condition in the neonate
Chorioretinitis
What disorder is characterized by autoimmune destruction of parietal cells
Pernicious anemia
Which layer of gastric tissue are parietal cells located in
Upper glandular layer
Down syndrome is often associated with progression to what disorder
Early onset Alzheimers Disease
What substance is elevated in Alzheimers patients
Amyloid Precursor Protein (Amyloid beta)
Which artery is located along the lesser curvature of the stomach and may be damaged by an ulcer
Left Gastric Artery
Which artery is located along the greater curvature of the stomach
Right and Left Gastroepiploic Arteries
What are the three phases of acid secretion in the stomach
Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal
What phase of gastric acid secretion is responsible for the release of peptide YY from the ileum and colon resulting in ECL cell inhibition and thus ultimately reduced secretion of acid
Intestinal phase
What disorder results in situs inverus, immotile cilia, and immotile flagella resulting in recurrent respiratory infections and infertility
Kartagener syndrome
What structure is defective in Kartagener syndrome
Dynein arms
What is the mechanism of pathogenicity for shigella
Mucosal invasion of M cells
Which pathogen is characterized as Gram negative, does not ferment lactose, is oxidase negative, and does not produce hydrogen sufide on triple sugar agar
Shigella
How can performance of surgery on the wrong site be prevented
Verification by 2 medical professionals independently
What scan be used to diagnose Meckel’s Divertiiculum
Technetium pertechinate
What disorder presents with painless abdominal bleeding
Meckel’s diverticulum
What is the term for the ability of multiple mRNA codons to code for the same amino acid
Degeneracy
What genetic principle allows only the first two nucleotides of a codon to matter in the determination of a the amino acid placement
Wobble
What disorder resuts in elevated IgE, eosinophilia, and bronchiectasis in immunocompromised individuals
Allergic Bronchopulumonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
What study type looks at population data rather than individual data
Ecological study
What disorder presents with oligohydramnios and bilateral kidney enlargement with diffuse small cysts
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
In the neonate, what may ARPKD progress to
Potters Sequence (limb deformity, flattened facies, pulmonary hypoplasia)
What is the mnemonic for 22q11 deletion syndromes
CATCH 22
Cleft palate Abnormal facies Thymic aplasia Cardiac defects Hypocalcemia
are results of chromosome 22q11 deletions
What disorder presents with cleft palate, facial abnormalities such as orbital hypertelorism, bifid uvula, and cardiac defects such as TOF
Velocardiofacial syndrome
What causes Velocardiofacial syndrome
Microdeletion at Chromosome 22q11
The following is a requirement of what disorder:
The psychosis must occur in the absence of major mood episodes; however, mood symptoms must be present for most of the illness
Schizoaffective disorder
What is the mnemonic The 3 D’s for B3 and what is it used for
The symptoms of Pellagra caused by Vitamin B3 (niacin deficiency)
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
What is the mnemonic B3 = 3 ATP and what is it used for
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) makes NAD
What is Vitamin B3 (Niacin) synthesized from
Tryptophan
The killed inluenza vaccine stimulates antibody production that targets what structure
Hemagglutinin
What substance of the Influenza virus enables it to enter cells
Hemagglutinin
Hypocalcemia results in what findings
Tetany such as Chvostek’s sign and Trousseau’s sign from uninhibited neuron depolarization
Chvostek’s sign and Trousseaus sign indicate what abnormality
Hypocalcemia
What arteries run anterior and posterior to the ureter in the true pelvis
Anterior - Gonadal arteries
Posterior - Internal iliac
What does the phrase water under the bridge mean
The ureter (water) passes under the bridge (vas deferens in males; uterine artery in females) in its connection to the bladder
What disorder shows crescent formation on renal biopsy
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
In Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis, what are the crescent formations seen on biopsy composed of
Monocytes
Macrophages
Glomerular parietal cells
Fibrin
What cell structure forms the blood brain barrier
Tight junctions
What substance prevents the formation of the paramesonephric ducts in males
Mullerian inhibiting factor
In the absence of ADH, which portion of the nephron has the highest osmolarity
Portion between descending and ascending loops
Which portion of the nephron is impermeable to water
Thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle
What is the probability of an unaffected individual being a carrier for an autosomal recessive disease if both parents are carriers
2/3
We already know she is unaffected therefore she cannot be autosomal recessive (aa), and one option is eliminated
In erythrocyte precursors, where does heme synthesis occur
Cytoplasm and Mitochondria
Why are mature RBC’s unable to synthesize hemoglobin
They’ve lost their Mtc so they can’t synthesize heme
Which cells types are present in tuberculosis
Langhans giant cells
What cell type is described as an activated macrophage with multiple nuclei that form a horseshoe shape
Langhans giant cells
What surface marker is found on macrophages
CD14
What ankle ligament is most commonly injured in an inversion accident
Anterior talofibular ligament
What is the mechanism by which C diff becomes pathogenic
Overgrows in GI tract
What puts an individual at risk for a C diff infection
Anything that alters the NF causing loss of normal growth suppression
What protein transports vesicles and organelles from the nucleus outward along microtubules
Kinesin
What cell molecule helps move secretory vesicles along the axon to the nerve terminal
Kinesin
Transcription of the lac operon is induced by what two things
Catabolite activator protein (CAP)
Lactose binding to repressor
What do the LacI, LacZ, and LacY genes code for
LacI - Repressor that binds to operator
LacZ - Beta Galactosidase that metabolizes Lactose
LacY - Permease that allows Lactose entrance
How does risk differ from relative risk
Relative risk uses the risk of each group to determine the difference. It is the risk of the exposed group divided by the risk of the unexposed
Risk of developing cancer in smokers = 80%
Risk of developing cancer in nonsmokers = 20%
Relative risk = 80/20 = 4 (4x more of a risk in smokers)
What is administered at birth to prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
Vitamin K
Why are neonates deficient in Vitamin K at birth and thus predisposed for hemorrhaging
Not passed transplacentally or in breast milk
Intestinal flora not established enough to synthesize it yet
What is the inheritance pattern for Neurofibromatosis Types 1 and 2
Autosomal dominant
What disorder presents with sessile to pedunculated masses that appear all over the body
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (neurofibromas. LOOK DISGUSTING!!)
What disorder presents with recurrent bacterial infections without pus, failure of umbilical cord to separate, and leukocytosis
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1
What marker on phagocytes is defective in Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 causing impaired chemotaxis
CD18
What is characterized by hyperactivity and or inattention
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
In order to diagnose ADHD, aside from the symptoms, what is required
Symptoms present in at least 2 locations (school and home)
What is the most common site of carriage of Staph aureus
Anterior nares
What injury results from a lesion of the ACA
Contralateral lower limb motor and sensory loss
What artery supplies the medial portion of the frontal and parietal lobe
Anterior cerebral artery
In pancreas divisum, what duct drains a majority of the pancreas
Accessory duct
What does the ventral pancreatic bud give rise to
Portion of the head of the pancreas
Uncinate process of the pancreas
Main pancreatic duct
Heavy smoking is a risk factor for what condition that involves dilated air spaces
Emphysema
What cells are responsible for the damage that ensues in Emphysema due to their release of proteases (elastase, etc.)
Macrophages and Neutrophils
A person who does not socialize with others due to fear of being judged, embarassed, or rejected yet fantasizes about being married one day would be classified under what disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
What disorder is similar to avoidant personality disorder except for the fact that the person PREFERS to be alone
Schizoid
What bias/study error is characterized by a falsely interpreted increase in survival simply due to the fact that the case was detected earlier
Lead-time bias
A new test ID’s lung cancer 2 years before conventional methods, thus scientists determine that these individuals live 2 years longer on average when in reality they don’t live any longer, it’s just being diagnosed 2 years earlier… What is this an example of?
Lead-time bias
Vaginal dryness and hot flashes are indicative of what
Menopause
What hormone is increased in menopause due to resistant ovaries
FSH
What disorder is characterized by low back pain that radiates down the leg
Sciatica
The sciatic nerve involves what levels
L3-S1
What nerve root is responsible for the ankle reflex
S1
What organ receives its blood supply from the celiac artery oddly even though it is not derived from the foregut like all the other supplied structures
The spleen
The spleen is derived from what embryologic tissue type
Mesoderm
What abdominal organ is most commonly injured from blunt trauma
Spleen
What cell structure is responsible for steroid synthesis
Smooth ER
Which tissues are rich with Smooth ER
Liver, Adrenal cortex, Gonads
Which virus is located in 3rd world countries, passed through water, and is most concerning for pregnant individuals
Hepatitis E Virus
What is the morphology of Hepatitis E virus
Unenveloped RNA virus
Which cell types secrete IL-4 to promote class switching
Th2 cells
What is the mutation that results in a defective CFTR gene in Cystic Fibrosis
Deletion of F508
(Phe508)
(Phenylalanine at position 508)
In Cystic fibrosis, the deletion of F508 results in a mutant CFTR gene that does not leave the RER. Why not?
The protein is misfolded
What structural element connects osteocytes together in bone
Gap junctions
Which disorder is characterized by hypoplasia of the bones of mastication and the bones of hearing
Treacher Collins
Treacher Collins is a defect of neural crest tissue that affects what pharyngeal arches
1st and 2nd
Which direction does Carbon monoxide shift the HB-O2 binding curve
Left
What does a decreased p50 indicate
Increased affinity for oxygen
What disorders can result from a Robertsonian translocation
Down Syndrome - Trisomy 21
Patau Syndrome - Trisomy 13
What disorder presents with prominent epicanthal folds and increased skin at the nape of the neck
Down Syndrome
What disorder is characterized by hyperflexibility at joints, elastic skin, and a tendency to bleed
Ehler Danlos
What protein is defective in Ehler Danlos Syndrome
Collagen
Which cranial nerves are located below the pons
6-12
What disorder can result in hearing loss and buzzing in one ear
Acoustic neuroma (Schwann cell tumor)
What type of antibodies do moms with Type A, B, and O blood have against the other blood types
Type A mom - IgM against B antigen
Type B mom - IgM against A antigen
Type O mom - IgG!!!! against A and B antigens
ABO erythroblastosis fetalis only occur if the mom is what blood type
Type O (Only one that makes IgG! Type A and B moms making IgM!)
Cocaine is classified as what type of drug
Stimulant
Depression, fatigue, sleepiness, and hyperphagia are characteristic of what withdrawal
Cocaine
What disorder is associated with unhygienic delivery and wound care
Neonatal Tetanus
What is the best way to prevent neonatal tetanus
Vaccinate the mom with tetanus toxoid.
This allows her to form IgG that she can pass on to the baby for temporary protection until he is old enough to get the dTaP and form his own immunity
What region of the brain is responsible for maintaining the circadian rhythm
Suprichiasmatic nucleus (Part of the hypothalamus)
What is the major component of pulmonary surfactant that is tested for in amniotic fluid
Lecithin (a phospholipid)
When the Lecithin to Sphingomyelin ratio is greater than 2, the lungs are mature
What is the major component of lecithin in pulmonary surfactant
Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylglycerol is another component but not as much
What term is used to describe the ability of a test to consistently get similar results even if they are not close to the true result
Reliability AKA Precision
How does one increase the precision (reliability) of a test
Reduce random error
What pathogen is beta hemolytic, intracellular, and can be cultured at 4 degrees C
Listeria monocytogenes
What host immune response is necessary to fight off Listeria monocytogenes
CMI
Which disorder has autoantibodies target Ach receptors
Myasthenia Gravis
What disorder results in autoantibodies against the alveolar basement membrane and glomerular basement membrane
Goodpasture’s Syndrome
In a patient with motor weakness affecting the arm, leg, and lower face, what region might you expect to be at fault
Internal capsule
What cells seen on Pap smear are characteristic of HPV infection
Koilocytes
What enzyme is responsible for providing the glucose and ketones during times of starvation from adipocytes
Hormone sensitive lipase
Triglycerides break down into
Fatty acids and glycerol
In the event of a vegetative state, who determines the decisions for the patient
Next of kin, usually spouse, but may be children equally with spouse in some states
What term is used to describe the obligation of respect physicians must place on patients decisions
Autonomy
What is the MOST COMMON (BUT NOT THE ONLY) biochemical result of the mutated CFTR gene in Cystic fibrosis resulting from a deletion of F508
Misfolded Protein that is destroyed and doesn’t reach membrane
A Chloride transporter that reaches the membrane but does not bind ATP or transmit Chlorine properly would result in
Cystic Fibrosis
Typically cystic fibrosis results from F508 deletion with misfolded protein that doesn’t even reach the membrane, but these mutant forms exist also
What disorder is characterized by facial anomalies, limb deformities, and pulmonary hypoplasia
Potter sequence
What is the cause of Potter sequence
Kidney problems typically preventing urination
What vaccine comes in a conjugated and a nonconjugated form
PCV13 (conjugated) and PPSV23 (not conjugated)
What term is used to describe a variable (smoking per se) that is related to both the exposure (alcohol) and the outcome (cancer) thus skewing the actual results
Confounding bias
What are the 3 stop codons on an mRNA strand
UAA, UAG, and UGA
What is the last codon to have an anticodon bind during translation
The codon just before the stop codon
What disorder is characterized by exertional dyspnea, bone pain, and abdominal pain
Sickle cell Disease
What is the mutation that results in sickle cell disease
Valine substituting a glutamic acid on the Beta chain
How does an MI affect a cardiac and vascuar function curve
Cardiac output decreases
Venous return stays the same
What pathogen is used to treat dystonias, achalasia, and muscle spasms
Clostridium botulinum TOXIN
Clostridium species can survive harsh conditions due to their ability to form what
Spores
What vessel is at greatest risk of being lacerated in the event of a pterion fracture (location where frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid meet)
Middle meningeal artery
What two vessels precede the Middle Meningeal Artery stem from
External carotid - Maxillary - Middle Meningeal Artery
What is the formula to calculate the Odds ratio
Odds ratio = ad/bc
What term is used to describe the likelihood that the outcome was associated with a particular exposure
Odds ratio
What is the morphology of parvovirus B19
Nonenveloped ssDNA virus
Parvovirus B19 causes an aplastic crisis in individuals with what condition
Sickle Cell
How does the membrane potential of a cell change as it becomes permeable to a specific ion
It increases if it is a Cation
It decreases if it is an Anion
What substances are specifically is found in the kidneys of individuals with post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
IgG, IgM, and C3
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis results in what specific glomerular disease
Nephritic syndrome
Down Syndrome predisposes individuals to what specific neoplasms
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (most commonly)
Acute myelogenous leukemia
Pregnancy tests look for what substance and in what bodily fluid
Beta HCG (some just say HCG, but alpha HCG is found in a lot of other things)
Blood and urine
How does a blood pregnancy test differ from a urine pregnancy test
The blood tests can recognize a smaller amount of HCG and thus will ID pregnancy sooner
Thus preganancy can be detected within 1 week if blood testing is used or within 2 weeks if home pregnancy test is used
Transketolase is an enzyme found in what pathway
Pentose phosphate pathway
What biochemical processes occur in the cytosol
Glycolysis
Fatty acid synthesis
Pentose phosphate pathway
What is the most important muscle in increasing intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressure during the Valsalva maneuver
Rectus abdominus
What are examples of Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions
Contact dermatitis
TB skin test
Granulomatous inflammation in TB
What process is described below:
Th1 cells encounter an antigen and release IFN gamma that signals macrophages to come to the area
Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
Sertraline would be used to treat a pt with what condition
Depression
All SSRI’s carry may cause what potential side effect
Mania (since they are depression treatments)
What is the acronym to remember the neural crest derived tissue
MOTEL PASS
Melanocytes Odontoblasts Tracheal cartilge Enterochromaffin cells Laryngeal cartilage
Parafollicular cells
Adrenal medulla
Schwann cells
Spinal membrane
How can one diagnose melanoma if it is suspected
ABCDE
Assymetry Border irregularity Color Diameter > 6mm Evolution
What pathogen is a common agent of cellulitis, pharyngitis, and impetigo
Strep pyogenes
What type of hypersensivity reaction is Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Type 3
When does hypothyroidism present in newborns
After maternal T4 wanes
Which disorder presents in a newborn with a large anterior fontanelle, umbilical hernia, lethargy, constipation, and hypotonia
Congenital hypothyroidism
What is the leading cause of cancer deaths in males and females
Cancer
If you suspect abuse in an adult while interviewing the patient with their son/daughter, who is serving as their caregiver, present, what should you do next
Ask the son/daughter to leave and ask the patient questions 1 on 1
Which enzyme decreases in activity in Lesch Nyhan syndrome, and which enzyme increases in activity
Decreases: Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)
Increases:Adenosine deaminase
What are the purine salvage disorders
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
What is the mnnemonic for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and what is it used for
HGPRT (The enzyme abbreviation) Also useful for remembering the symptoms
Hyperuricemia Gout Pissed off attitude Retardation dysTonia (repetitive uncontrolled movements)
How does the minute ventilation volume calculation differ from the alveolar ventilation volume
Minute ventilation volume includes the physiologic dead space volume and will thus be a bigger number
Which nerve is responsible for the sensory component of the pupillary reflex
Optic nerve
Which nerve is responsible for normal vision
Optic nerve
What is the virulence factor of Haemophilus Influenzae
Polyribosylribitol phosphate which makes up its polysaccharide capsule
What pathogen causes Epiglottitis
Haemophilus influenzae Type B
How does gout appear on polarized light microscopy
Needle shaped Negatively birefringent (yellow when parallel to slow ray)
Myeloproliferative disorders increase the risk of what condition occuring
Gout
What is it called when a subject being study changes their behavior once they find out they are being studied?
Hawthorne effect (Observer effect)
What is the difference between a frameshift mutation and an in frame deletion
in frame deletion is a deletion of bases that is a multiple of 3 and thus only affects that one codon
What immunity is utilized against Clostridium tetani
Humoral immunity with antibodies neutralizing the toxin
Which anatomic structure can be used to locate the appendix
Teniae coli which converge at the appendix
What protein is synthesized from lysyl oxidase cross linking together the monomers
Elastin
If you are unsure about whether a patient can take their medications due to cognitive impairment, what should you do
Involve a social worker in discharge planning
What is the formula to calculate total peripheral resistance of different vessels in parallel? Such as renal coronary, cerebral?
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + …….
Think of the the different vessels as in parallel with different resistances
What should you be concerned about in a premature infant
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome from surfactant not being produced yet
What is used to stimulate surfactant production in preterm babies
Steroids (Dexamethasone etc.)
What immunogenic substance does the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine contain
Type B capsular polysaccharide
Thus only effective against HIB! Not effective against non typeable or other types
Hypocapnia indicates that what is occurring
Hyperventilation
A V/Q mismatch from a pulmonary embolism would result in what blood gas findings
Low PaO2 and Low PaCO2
PaO2 drops because PE is blocking arteries resulting in gas not being exchanged even though lungs are getting ventilated. Results in low PaO2. Leads to hyperventilation. Leads to low PaCO2 without O2 improvement b/c PE is still blocking blood flow so more O2 isn’t comin in, just CO2 leaving
What is the purpose of certain bacteria possessing an IgA protease
Cleaves IgA allowing the bacteria to adhere to the mucosal surface
Which bacteria possess IgA protease virulence factors
SHiN
Strep pneumo
Haemophilus influenzae
Neisseria gonorrhea and Neisseria meningitidis
What is another word for precise, as in a very precise test
Reliable
Hemophilia A and B follow what inheritance pattern
X linked Recessive
Which disorders are characterized by hemarthroses (bleeding into joints)
Hemophilias
What are the two major causes of polyhdramnios due to poor fetal swallowing
GI obstruction
Anencephaly (failure of swallowing center to form)
Anti epileptics can cause what major side effect
Neural tube defects (anencephaly, spina bifida, etc.)
Where do amino acids bind to tRNA molecules
CCA-3’ end
Left and right shifts in the flow volume loop graph is suggestive of what lung pathologies
Left - Obstructive lung dz (More volume from air trapping)
Right - Restrictive lung dz (Reduced air volume from reduced lung expansion)
What lung pathology results in destruction of alveolar walls
Emphysema
What is the morphology of Haemophilus influenzae
Coccobacillus
What does Haemophilus require in media for growth
Factor X (hematin) Factor V (NAD+)
Why does Haemophilus only grow on blood agar with staph aureus
Staph lyses RBC’s to provide Factor V (NAD+) which is required for their growth
What anatomical structure can be used to distinguish between a direct and indirect hernia
Inferior epigastric vessels
What is the normal pressure in the RA
20/5 mmHg
What is the difference in pressures between the RV and Pulmonary artery
RV - 25/5
PA - 25/10
Diastolic increases a little in PA b/c of arterial resistance and LA pressures
A patient has been abandoned by their father in the past. As you are leaving the patient room, they say to you, “You are leaving me too.” What is this an example of?
Negative transference
A patient has a great upbringing from their parents and loves them very much. Because of such upbringing, they place a lot of trust on you as their doc. This is an example of
Positive transference
What type of breathing battern is described as hyperpnea with periods of apnea between
Cheyne Stokes breathing
What condition resuts in Cheyne Stokes breathing
Congestive heart failure
What is the most common cause of unilateral hydronephrosis in the fetus
Failure of recanalization at the ureteropelvic junction
What are the top 4 most common cancers (highest incidence) in order in males and females
Males: Skin, Prostate, Lung, Colon
Females: Skin, Breast, Lung, Colon
What are the top 4 cancers with the highest mortality in order in males and females
Males: Lung, Prostate, Colon
Females: Lung, Breast, Colon
Where does T cell postitive and negative selection occur
Positive - Cortex
Negative - Medulla
What are the submucosal alkaline secreting (bicarbonate) cells of the duodenum
Brunner’s glands
Increased gastric acid production will result in hypertrophy of what structures
Brunners glands in the duodenum
What enzyme is responsible for stimulating glycolysis and inhibiting gluconeogenesis
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
Where is serotonin synthesized
Raphe nucleus
What drugs are used to treat depression and anxiety
SSRIs
What is the inheritance pattern for sickle cell anemia
AR
What is the best way to determine whether two people may have a sickle cell child
Hb electrophoresis
Can ID carriers
Which nerve is responsible for afferent signals from carotid baroreceptors and may result in syncope during putting on a tie
Glossopharyngeal - Afferent for carotid baroreceptors
Vagus - Afferent for aortic baroreceptors
Vagus is efferent pathway to heart if baroreceptors signal too high pressure and parasymp response is needed
What organism displays a tumbling motility
Listeria monocytogenes
How is Listeria monocytogenes most commonly transmitted
Contaminated food
How do you calculate the absolute risk reduction of Heart attacks with Drug B versus the original Drug A
Simple subtraction
ARR = % with heart attacks on Drug A - % with heart attacks on group B
ARR = 30% - 27% = 3% reduction in heart attacks with Drug B
What results in dry skin, hepatosplenomegaly, and papiledema
Chronic Vitamin A excess
What disorder is characterized by a negative nitroblue tetrazolium test of neutrophils
Chronic granulomataous Dz
What is an individual susceptible to if he has chronic granulomatous dz
Infxn with catalase + organisms
What is the most important muscle for hip flexion
Iliopsoas
Drugs which target which ion channel in phase 0 of pacemaker action potentials can result in a reduced heart rate
Funny Sodium channels
Which phase of pacemaker action potential can reduce heart rate without affecting contractility or resting
Phase 0
Emphysema results in elevation of what substance
Elastase
What virulence factor of staph aureus is bound to it’s peptidoglycan cell wall structure
Protein A
What is the fxn of the Protein A virulence factor produced by Staph aureus
Bind Fc portion of Antibodies preventing complement activation
The process of viral gene exchange via crossing over of 2 DNA molecules is referred to as
Recombination
Patent foramen ovale results from what
Incomplete fusion of primum and secundum
How does a patent foramen ovale differ from an ASD
ASD - Failure of septum to develop
Patent foramen ovale - Failure of fully developed septa to fuse
Which pathogens produce dextrans that allow them to bind to structures and thus cause endocarditis and dental caries
Strep Viridans
What condition results in an inability to adduct one eye while the other abducts. The abducting eye presents with nystagmus additionally
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
What structure allows for coordinated horizontal eye movemement due to communication between CN 4 and CN 6
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Where is the Medial longitudinal fasciculus located
Distal pons
What condition results in elevated PCO2 from increased mass, low PO2 from reduced lung volume, and a normal alveolar arterial gradient
Obesity hypoventiation syndrome
Which conditions can cause hypoxemia and a normal alveolar arterial pressure gradient (5-15mmHg)
Hypoventilation
High altitude
Where on the Ig molecule do neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells etc. attach
Fc portion near the carboxy terminal (near the end)
What attaches to the Fc portion of Ig molecules right next to the hinge region
Complement
What is one of the major causes of cor pulmonale
Pulmonary hypertension
What is the difference between Northern, Southern, Western, and Southwestern blots
Northern - mRNA
Southern - DNA
Western - Proteins
Southwestern - DNA binding proteins
What is it called when a single mRNA encodes multiple proteins
Polycistronic mRNA
What is a well known polycistronic mRNA strand
Lac Operon
Cleft lip results from what
Failure of intermaxillary segment fusing with the maxillary prominences
Cleft palate results from what
Failure of palatine shelves fusing
Cleft lip and spina bifida follow what inheritance pattern
Multifactorial
Atherosclerosis begins with what cell type
Endothelial cell dysfunction
What information is necessary in order to perform PCR
The nucleotide sequence of the flanking regions
Necessary for primer to bind
Where is the femoral vein located relative to the femoral artery and inguinal ligament
Medial to the femoral artery
Below the inguinal ligament
What are the first line medications for generalized anxiety disorder
SSRIs and Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
What relative risk value indicates that there is no difference in risk between the exposure group and the unexposed group
1
If a 95% CI interval does not contain the null value in it, what p value would you expect to see
Any p < 0.05
What is the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis consist of
Fas ligand
What is a classic example of Fas induced apoptosis (an extrinsic pathway apoptosis)
Negative selection of T cells in the thymus
Which viral genome requires only host machinery for translation
Single stranded + sense RNA virus
What is the genome of Rhinovirus
+ssRNA virus
Failure of the processus vaginalis to close can result in what abnormalities
Hydrocele
Indirect inguinal hernia
What embryologic defect can result in a hydrocele and indirect inguinal hernia in infants
Persistent processus vaginalis
What individuals have increased bone density relative to other groups
African Americans (women especially)
What disorder is characterized by CGG repeats
Fragile X
In Fragile X, what biochemical process prevents FMR1 from being expressed properly and thus leading to neurological problems
DNA methylation of CGG repeats
What disorder is characterized by a failure of B cells to mature due to a mutated bruton tyrosine kinase gene
X linked agammaglobulinemia
In X linked Bruton Agammaglobulinemia, what lymph node structure will be missing
Germinal centers
What enzymes does Vitamin B12 serve as a cofactor for and what is the reaction/buildup products
Methylmalonic acid —> Succinyl CoA (Methylmalonyl CoA Mutase)
Homocysteine —> Methionine (Methionine Synthase)
What substance in B12 deficiency anemia causes subacute combined degeneration of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord and other neurologic problems
Methylmalonic acid buildup
What disorder may present with amenorrhea, hypotension, bradycardia, cardiac complications, and osteoperosis
Anorexia nervosa
How do people with increased elastic resistance and increased air flow resistance each maintain the same minute ventilation as a normal person
Increased elastic resistance - Faster shallow breathing
Increased air flow resistance - Slower deep breathing
Asthma results in what type of resistance being increased
Air flow resistance
Not elastic resistance. Thus an asthma pt would breathe slower and deeper
Where do Stanford A and Stanford B aortic dissections start at
A - Sinotubular jxn
B - Left Subclavian
How does a primary HSV1 infxn differ from a recurrent HSV1 infxn
Primary - Herpetic gingivostomatitis (on gingiva, tongue, palate, pharynx, systemic signs of fever etc.)
Recurrent - Herpes labialis (just around the lips)
A tzanck smear identifies multinucleated giant cells caused by what pathogen
Herpes virus
Tzanck heavens I do not have herpes
How do you calculate incidence
of new cases / # of people at risk
Denominator is not the TOTAL population. Usually it is the TOTAL population - the people who already are diseased b/c they are not at risk
An anteriorly placed aorta on echo is characteristic of what disorder
Transposition of the Great vessels
What developmental mechanism results in Transposition of the great vessels
Failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
Which pathogen has reverse transcriptase and a partially double stranded DNA genome
HBV
What disorder is characterized by decreased green fluorescence seen on Dihydrorhodamine flow cytometry and noblue precipitate seen in cells on Nitroblue tetrazolium dye testing
Chronic granulomatous disease
What is the defect in Chronic granulomatous disease
Defective NADPH Oxidase
Thus cannot form reactive oxygen species to kill off pathogens in the phagolysosome
What disorder presents with sugary smelling urine
Maple syrup urine disease
What enzyme is defective in Maple syrup urine disease
Branched chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase
What substances accumulate in Maple syrup urine disease
Branched chain amino acids (Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine)
What is the mnemonic for Maple syrup urine disease
I Love Vermont MAPLE SYRUP from maple tree BRANCHES
Accumulation of:
Isoleucine
Leucine
Valine
Maple Syrup Urine Dz
Branched chain dehydrogenase enzyme defective
How does Tourette syndrome differ from Chronic tic disorder
Tourette - Both motor and vocal tics
Chronic Tic - Either motor or vocal tics
What disorder is described by a child who constantly clears his throat and shrugs his shoulder in class
Tourettes syndrome
Both vocal (clearing throat) and motor (shrugging shoulders) tics are present
ADH increases urine osmolarity by reabsorbtion of water via aquaporin channels and what other channels
Urea transporters which passively pull water with them
Which region of the nephron does ADH act at to reabsorb water via aquaporin channels and urea transporters passively abosrbing water
Distal convoluted tubule
What term describes the situation where an individual who is aware of a disorder alters their memory of the exposure
Recall bias
Recall bias is associated with what type of study
Case Control
What is the mnemonic for pheochromocytom and what is it used for
5 Ps are for the 5 symptoms
Pain (Headache) Pressure (BP elevated) Perspiration (sweating) Palpitations (Tachycardic) Pallor
How does hyperthyroidism from a thyroiditis differ in clinical presentation from a pheochromocytoma
Quite similar, but a pheochromocytoma occurs in spells (relapses and remits)
Hyperthyroid occurs continuously
What regions of the orbit are very thin and thus most commonly fractured in a blowout fracture (blunt trauma to the eye)
Medial and inferior walls
What sinuses are most commonly filled with fluid or blood in a blowout fracture to the eye
Maxillary and Ethmoid
These two most commonly because the inferior and medial walls fracture the easiest
What cells secrete Mullerian Inhibitory Factor (MIF) to prevent female INTERNAL genitalia formation
Sertoli cells
