Uworld COPY Flashcards
Side effects of Diltiazem (non-dihydropyridine CCB)
Constipation, oedema, hypotension
Medications causing constipation
Ondansetron, granisterone, verapamil, diltiazem, iron, aluminium,diphenhydramine, amytriptyline, diclyclomine, haloperidol, morphine, oxycodone, loperamide.
MOA of constipation caused by CCB
slow contraction of colonic smooth muscle
MOA of constipation in diabetic neuropathy
impairement of gastrocolic reflex
MOA of constipation in elderly/neurologic conditions?
dyssenergic defecation
Symptoms of sigmoid volvulus
abdominal pain, nausea, vomitting, bowel obstruction
How are pigment gall stones formed
increased efflux of bilirubin into bile
How are gall stones formed in ileal disease like Chrons
altered enterohepatic circulation
How are pigment gall stones formed
increased efflux of bilirubin into bile
How are gall stones formed in ileal disease like Chrons
altered enterohepatic circulation
Cause of diabetic diarrhea that persists at night (even with fasting) and day
autonomic neuropathy causing disordered motility of small bowel and colon and increased secretions
Risk factors for diabetic diarrhea
Impaired glucose control and vascular (obesity and HT)
Cause of diabetic diarrhea that persists at night and day
disordered motility of small bowel and colon
Risk factors for diabetic diarehea
Impaired glucose control and vascular (obesity and HT)
Diarrhea in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
steatorrhea
What nutrient deficiency is seen with PPI
calcium, iron, magnesium and vitamin B12
PPI improve lipase as acid inactivates lipase
MOA of constipation in pregnancy
progesterone causes decreased colonic smooth muscle activity
Pathophysiology of ADH/RAS in cirrhosis
cirrhosis causes vasodilatation, reduces blood flow, activates RAS and increase ADH, increases renal Na reabsorption (hence decreasing urine sodium). This increases TBW but due to third spacing they are intravascularly depleted causing hypervolumic hypernatremia in advanced cirrhosis
MOA of constipwtion in pregnancy
progesterone causes colonic smooth muscle activity
Effects of pregnancy on GI tract
progesterone decreases LE tone-GERD
estrogen increases cholesterol secretion in bile, progesterone decreases GB motility-GB stones
Gravid uterus mechanical effect-flatulence
gravid uterus increase mechanical pressure-hemorrhoids
constipation after a traumatic vaginal delivery MOA
defecatory dysfunction, inablity to relax pelvic floor muscles
Rectoceles can occur after multiple vaginal deliveries
