Uworld Flashcards
_______________ is associated with watery diarrhea that may become bloody, abdominal cramping, and fever. Neutrophilic infiltrate and crypt abscesses are identified on histology.
(Choice C) ______________ causes typhoid fever, which manifests with bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, high fever, and salmon-colored macules located mainly on the trunk. Histology demonstrates a lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate and associated hemorrhage.
(Choice D) _________ infection is characterized by sudden onset of severe abdominal cramping, bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and high fever. Cryptitis, ulcerations, and crypt abscesses are identified on histology.
(Choice E) _____________ causes cholera, which manifests with sudden onset, voluminous, “rice water” diarrhea and vomiting. Histology typically remains normal.
- Campylobacter Jejuni
- Salmonella Typhi
- Shigella flexneri
- Vibrio cholera
___________ is the most common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) in both healthy adults and elderly patients. ________ is a part of the normal gastrointestinal flora, and special adhesive proteins (fimbriae) allow some strains to colonize and ascend the urinary tract. This can result in UTI, pyelonephritis, or bacteremia and sepsis following access to the bloodstream. UTIs are the most common cause of ______ bacteremia.
Escherichia coli
(Choice A) The _____________ nerve courses between the biceps brachii and coracobrachialis muscles in the upper arm. Injury (eg, trauma, shoulder dislocation) can cause sensory loss over the lateral forearm.
(Choices B and D) The _________ nerve courses between the olecranon and the medial epicondyle of the humerus (ie, the cubital tunnel) before passing between the flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus muscles in the forearm. ______ nerve injury at the elbow (eg, compression, trauma) can cause sensory loss in the dorsomedial hand, medial palm, and medial 1½ digits.
(Choice E) The ______________________ courses between the supinator muscle and the head of the radius in the upper forearm. Injury (eg, humeral fracture, compression) can cause sensory loss in the posterior forearm, dorsolateral hand, and dorsal thumb.
Educational objective:
In the forearm, the median nerve courses between the humeral and ulnar heads of the pronator teres muscle and between the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus muscles. Compression prior to the takeoff of the palmar branch (eg, between the heads of the pronator teres) results in sensory loss over the lateral palm and palmar aspects of the first 3½ digits.
musculocutaneous
Ulnar
deep branch of the radial nerve aka posterior interosseous nerve
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is characterized by fibrosis and scarring of right ventricular myocardium, which predisposes to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The disease results from impaired _________ function due to mutations in genes encoding ________________________.
(Choice B) Familial bicuspid aortic valve disease has been associated with a mutation affecting the________ gene that encodes transcription regulatory proteins.
(Choice D) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common cause of sudden cardiac death in young patients. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and most commonly involves mutations in the genes encoding ________________ or _______________.
(Choice E) __________________ most commonly results from infiltrative disease (eg, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis); however, familial disease does occur. Familial __________________ typically involves mutations in genes encoding one of several sarcomere or cytoskeletal proteins.
Educational objective:
Autosomal dominant mutations in the TTN gene, which encodes for the sarcomere protein titin, are the most common cause of familial ______________
- desmosome, desmosomal proteins (eg, plakoglobin, desmoplakin)
- NOTCH1
- beta-myosin heavy chain or myosin-binding protein C
- restrictive cardiomyopathy
- dilated cardiomyopathy
Choice A) Blockade of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors causes orthostatic hypotension and dizziness.
(Choice C) _________, a benzodiazepine GABA-A receptor antagonist, can be used to treat benzodiazepine overdose. However, it may precipitate withdrawal seizures in patients with chronic benzodiazepine use.
(Choice D) Antagonism of central histamine H1 receptors causes sedation and weight gain.
(Choice E) Antagonism of ________ receptors causes anticholinergic side effects (eg, confusion, dry mouth, urinary retention). Low-potency antipsychotics (eg, chlorpromazine, thioridazine) are more likely to cause these effects due to their strong blockade of central and peripheral ________ cholinergic receptors.
(Choice F) Second-generation antipsychotics antagonize serotonergic 5-HT2A, but this does not typically cause dystonia.
Educational objective:
Acute extrapyramidal symptoms (eg, dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism) are due to D2 blockade in the nigrostriatal pathway. First-generation, high-potency antipsychotics (eg, haloperidol, fluphenazine) strongly block D2 receptors and are most likely to cause extrapyramidal symptoms.
A: orthostatic hypotension and dizziness
B: Flumazenil
D: sedation and weight gain
E: muscarinic
