UWorld Flashcards
1
Q
Axillary and Inguinal Freckling
A
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
2
Q
Ash leaf spots
A
Tuberous Sclerosis
3
Q
Testicular enlargement
A
Fragile X syndrome
4
Q
Port-wine stain on face
A
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
5
Q
Optic Pathway Glioma
A
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
6
Q
Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma)
A
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
7
Q
Intracardiac tumor
A
Tuberous Sclerosis
8
Q
Iris Hamartomas
A
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
9
Q
Intracerebral vascular malformations
A
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
10
Q
cafe-au-lait macules
A
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
11
Q
Area of the brain affected in Huntington’s
A
Caudate nucleus
12
Q
Area of the brain affected in Alzheimer’s
A
Cerebral cortex
13
Q
Area of the brain affected in Wilson’s disease
A
Lenticular nucleus
14
Q
Area of the brain affected in Pick’s disease
A
Frontal and temporal lobes
15
Q
Arachnodactyly (long slender fingers) - genetic condition?
A
Marfan syndrome
16
Q
Gynecomastia - genetic condition?
A
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
17
Q
Smooth filtrum in a child cause?
A
fetal alcohol syndrome
18
Q
Renal angiomyolipoma - genetic condition.
A
tuberous sclerosis
19
Q
Retinal hemangioblastoma - genetic condition
A
von Hippael-Lindau syndrome
20
Q
Facial angiofibromas - genetic condition
A
tuberous sclerosis
21
Q
Optic pathway glioma - genetic condition
A
Neurofibromatosis type 1
22
Q
Humeral mid-shaft fracture. What is the damaged nerve?
A
Radial n
23
Q
Anterior shoulder dislocation. What is the damaged nerve?
A
Axillary n
24
Q
Improperly fitted crutches. What is the damaged nerve?
A
Radial n
25
Scapular winging. What is the damaged nerve.
Long thoracic n
26
Symptoms of lesion in lateral corticospinal tract
Leg weakness
27
Symptoms of lesion in spinothalamic tract
Decreased pinprick sensation
28
Symptoms of lesion in dorsal columns
Decrease proprioception
29
Cushing reflex
1) Hypertension
2) Bradycardia
3) Respiratory depression
- - indicates intracranial hypertension
30
Diagnosis:
| Headaches, blurred vision, falls
Intracranial hypertension
31
1st line treatment for migraine
Acetaminophen, NSAIDs
| 2nd line: triptans
32
Diagnosis:
| Headache that is worse in the morning.
Brain tumor.
33
Medications that prevent migranes
(1) Propranolol
(2) TCA (amitriptyline)
(3) anti-seizure (topiramate)
34
Prophylaxis against toxoplasmosis in HIV pt
TMP-SMX
| CD4 less than 100
35
Time to initiate thrombolytics for stroke.
3-4.5 hours
36
Diagnosis:
| Sharp, triphasic, synchronous discharges on electroencephalography
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (prion disease)
37
Subarachnoid hemorrhage complication within 24 hours vs within 10 days
24 hours = rebleeding
| less than 10 days = vasospasm
38
How to prevent vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Nimodipine.
39
Lateral Medullary Syndrome
Artery?
Symptoms?
Artery = Post. Inf. Cerebellary Artery OR Verbetral artery
Symptoms:
- Vestibulocerebellar: nystagmus, vertigo
- Sensory: Loss of pain/temp on ipsilateral face and contralateral body
- Bulbar muscles: Dysphagia, Dysarthria
- Autonomic: Horner's (Ptosis, Anhydrosis, Miosis)
40
Medial Medullary Syndrome.
Artery?
Symptoms?
Artery = Anterior spinal artery OR Vertebral artery
Motor: Contralateral paralysis of arm and leg
Tongue deviation toward the lesion.
41
Lateral Mid-pontine lesion - symptoms
Affect the motor nuclei of the ipsilateral trigeminal nerve. Weak mastication, poor sensation over face.
42
Medial Mid-pontine lesion -symptoms
Motor: Contralateral ataxia, hemiparesis of face, trunk, limbs.
43
Treatment of symptoms of multiple sclerosis
IV glucocorticoids (methylprednisolone)
44
Bedside ice pack test. Diagnosis for ______
Myasthenia gravis
45
Treatment for narcolepsy
Modafinil (promotes wakefulness)
46
Low back pain when walking down hill
Lumbar spinal stenosis
47
Diagnosis:
| Grip myotonia
Myotonic muscular dystrophy
48
Diagnosis:
| Descending muscle weakness
Botulism
49
What type of stroke produces allodynia?
Allodynia = pain produced by innocuous stimulation of normal skin.
This occurs weeks to months following a lacunar stroke of the posterolateral thalamus.
50
When to use acetazolamide
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
51
When to use Mannitol
To reduce intracranial pressure associated with cerebral edema
52
Cluster headache length of time
15-90 minutes
53
Migraine length of time
4-72 hrs
54
Tension headache length of time
30 min - 7 days
55
Diagnosis:
| Halos around lights
Angle closure glaucoma
56
Location of lesion: Hemi-neglect syndrome
Non-dominant parietal lobe
57
Define: Chorea
Brief, irregular, unintentional muscle contraction.
| NOT repetitive or rhhythmic
58
Define: Akathisia
Sensation of restlessness that causes the patient to move frequently.
59
Define: Athetosis
Slow, writhing movements typically in hands and feet. Athetosis is characteristic of Huntington's.
60
What is damaged in hemiballismus.
Contralateral subthalamic nucleus
61
Define: Myoclonus
Involuntary jerking of muscle. Unlike chorea, myoclonus can be rhythmic or patterned and is usually initiated by contraction or relaxation.
62
Define: Dystonia
Dystonia = sustained muscle contraction resulting in twisting, repetitive movements or abnormal postures (e.g. Torticollis)
63
What medication is used to treat tremor and rigidity in Parkinson's disease?
Antimuscarinics: Benztropine and Trihexyphenidyl
64
Treatment of temporal arteritis
high-dose oral glucocorticoids
65
Diagnosis:
| Patient with whiplash injury that later develops upper extremity sensory deficits and weakness
Syringomyelia
66
Diagnosis:
| Floaters, flashes of light, loss of peripheral vision first
retinal detachment
67
Symptoms of optic neuritis
- Washed out color vision
- Monocular vision loss
- Pain with eye movement
- Afferent pupillary defect (paradoxical pupillary dilation of the affected eye with the swinging-flashlight test)
68
Diagnosis:
| Red eye, blurry vision, photophobia
Anterior uviitis
69
Optic neuritis is associated with _______
multiple sclerosis
70
Diagnosis:
| Painless monocular vision loss, retinal whitening, cherry red spot
Central retinal artery occlusion
71
Diagnosis:
| Drusen
Macular degeneration
72
Diagnosis:
Painless peripheral vision loss
Optic disc with increased cup:disc ratio
Open-angle glaucoma
73
Pronator drift tests for _______
muscle weakness
74
def. Agnosia
Agnosia is the inability to process sensory information. Often there is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells
75
Muscle weakness that is worse later in the day.
Myasthenia gravis
76
Diagnostic tests for myasthenia gravis
Bedside: Edrophonium (Tensilon) test, ice pack test
Acetylcholine receptor antibodies (highly specific)
CT scan for thymoma
77
Treatment for myasthenia gravis
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g. pyridostigmine)
Immunotherapy (corticosteroids, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil)
Thymectomy
78
Diagnosis:
| Waddling gate
Muscular dystrophy
79
Diagnosis:
| Spastic gait
Upper motor neuron disease
80
Diagnosis:
| Wide-based, high stepping gait
Sensory ataxia, due to dorsal roots or posterior column lesion, leading to loss of proprioception.
Often accompanied by positive Romberg's sign.
81
Romberg tests for ______ ataxia
Sensory ataxia
82
Tandem gait tests for ______ ataxia
Cerebellar ataxia
83
Diagnosis:
| Pediatric tumor in the cerebrum
Pilocystic (low-grade) astrocytoma
84
Diagnosis:
| Pediatric tumor in sella tursica
Craniopharyngioma
85
Diagnosis:
| Pediatric tumor in 4th ventricle in posterior fossa
Ependymoma
86
Diagnosis:
| Dementia with visual hallucinations
Lewy body dementia
87
Localize the lesion:
| Pronator drift
Upper motor neuron
OR
Pyramidal/Corticospinal tract disease
88
Triad of symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus
1) Abnormal Gait
2) Urinary Incontinence
3) Dementia
89
If carotid stenosis takes up more than ____% then patient should be considered for carotid endarterectomy.
more than 70%
90
Diagnosis:
| Floaters
Ditached retina
91
Diagnosis:
| Nausea - Warmth - Diaphoresis - Syncope
Vasovagal Syncope
92
def. Myoclonus
Muscle twitching
93
Broca's area is in the ______ lobe
Fontal lobe
94
Wernicke's area is in the _____ lobe
Lateral sulcus (where the temporal and parietal lobe meet)
95
Motor strip of brain is located in the
Gyrus: ______
Lobe: ______
Precentral gyrus
| Frontal lobe
96
Primary somatosensory cortex of brain is located in the
Gyrus: ______
Lobe: ______
Postcentral gyrus
| Parietal lobe
97
Pathogenesis of trigeminal neuralgia
Demyelination of CNV due to localized compression
98
Diagnosis:
| Inflammation and edema of the facial nerve
Bell's palsy, often due to herpes simplex reactivation
99
Headache worse in the morning in a young patient.
Increased intracranial pressure.
| In young: often due to idiopathic intracranial hypertension (aka psedotumor crebri)
100
What nerves are affected in cavernous sinus thrombosis
CN III, IV, VI, and V1, V2
101
Lenticulostriate arteries supply the _______.
| The lenticulostriate arteries come off of the _________ artery.
Lenticulostriate arteries supply the basal ganglia (putamen).
The lenticulostriate arteries come off of the middle cerebral artery.
102
Most frequent cause of Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Haemophilus influenzae
103
Prophylaxis for cluster headaches
Verapamil, Lithium
104
Orbital massage is used to treat ________
Central retinal artery occlusion (unilateral acute painless vision loss)
105
Most common cause of CN III palsy
Ischemic neuropathy due to poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.
