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Neurology > UWorld > Flashcards

UWorld Flashcards

1
Q

Axillary and Inguinal Freckling

A

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

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2
Q

Ash leaf spots

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

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3
Q

Testicular enlargement

A

Fragile X syndrome

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4
Q

Port-wine stain on face

A

Sturge-Weber Syndrome

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5
Q

Optic Pathway Glioma

A

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

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6
Q

Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma)

A

Neurofibromatosis Type 2

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7
Q

Intracardiac tumor

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

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8
Q

Iris Hamartomas

A

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

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9
Q

Intracerebral vascular malformations

A

Sturge-Weber Syndrome

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10
Q

cafe-au-lait macules

A

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

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11
Q

Area of the brain affected in Huntington’s

A

Caudate nucleus

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12
Q

Area of the brain affected in Alzheimer’s

A

Cerebral cortex

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13
Q

Area of the brain affected in Wilson’s disease

A

Lenticular nucleus

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14
Q

Area of the brain affected in Pick’s disease

A

Frontal and temporal lobes

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15
Q

Arachnodactyly (long slender fingers) - genetic condition?

A

Marfan syndrome

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16
Q

Gynecomastia - genetic condition?

A

Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)

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17
Q

Smooth filtrum in a child cause?

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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18
Q

Renal angiomyolipoma - genetic condition.

A

tuberous sclerosis

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19
Q

Retinal hemangioblastoma - genetic condition

A

von Hippael-Lindau syndrome

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20
Q

Facial angiofibromas - genetic condition

A

tuberous sclerosis

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21
Q

Optic pathway glioma - genetic condition

A

Neurofibromatosis type 1

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22
Q

Humeral mid-shaft fracture. What is the damaged nerve?

A

Radial n

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23
Q

Anterior shoulder dislocation. What is the damaged nerve?

A

Axillary n

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24
Q

Improperly fitted crutches. What is the damaged nerve?

A

Radial n

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25
Q

Scapular winging. What is the damaged nerve.

A

Long thoracic n

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26
Q

Symptoms of lesion in lateral corticospinal tract

A

Leg weakness

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27
Q

Symptoms of lesion in spinothalamic tract

A

Decreased pinprick sensation

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28
Q

Symptoms of lesion in dorsal columns

A

Decrease proprioception

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29
Q

Cushing reflex

A

1) Hypertension
2) Bradycardia
3) Respiratory depression
- - indicates intracranial hypertension

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30
Q

Diagnosis:

Headaches, blurred vision, falls

A

Intracranial hypertension

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31
Q

1st line treatment for migraine

A

Acetaminophen, NSAIDs

2nd line: triptans

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32
Q

Diagnosis:

Headache that is worse in the morning.

A

Brain tumor.

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33
Q

Medications that prevent migranes

A

(1) Propranolol
(2) TCA (amitriptyline)
(3) anti-seizure (topiramate)

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34
Q

Prophylaxis against toxoplasmosis in HIV pt

A

TMP-SMX

CD4 less than 100

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35
Q

Time to initiate thrombolytics for stroke.

A

3-4.5 hours

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36
Q

Diagnosis:

Sharp, triphasic, synchronous discharges on electroencephalography

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (prion disease)

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37
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage complication within 24 hours vs within 10 days

A

24 hours = rebleeding

less than 10 days = vasospasm

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38
Q

How to prevent vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

A

Nimodipine.

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39
Q

Lateral Medullary Syndrome
Artery?
Symptoms?

A

Artery = Post. Inf. Cerebellary Artery OR Verbetral artery
Symptoms:
- Vestibulocerebellar: nystagmus, vertigo
- Sensory: Loss of pain/temp on ipsilateral face and contralateral body
- Bulbar muscles: Dysphagia, Dysarthria
- Autonomic: Horner’s (Ptosis, Anhydrosis, Miosis)

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40
Q

Medial Medullary Syndrome.
Artery?
Symptoms?

A

Artery = Anterior spinal artery OR Vertebral artery
Motor: Contralateral paralysis of arm and leg
Tongue deviation toward the lesion.

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41
Q

Lateral Mid-pontine lesion - symptoms

A

Affect the motor nuclei of the ipsilateral trigeminal nerve. Weak mastication, poor sensation over face.

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42
Q

Medial Mid-pontine lesion -symptoms

A

Motor: Contralateral ataxia, hemiparesis of face, trunk, limbs.

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43
Q

Treatment of symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A

IV glucocorticoids (methylprednisolone)

44
Q

Bedside ice pack test. Diagnosis for ______

A

Myasthenia gravis

45
Q

Treatment for narcolepsy

A

Modafinil (promotes wakefulness)

46
Q

Low back pain when walking down hill

A

Lumbar spinal stenosis

47
Q

Diagnosis:

Grip myotonia

A

Myotonic muscular dystrophy

48
Q

Diagnosis:

Descending muscle weakness

A

Botulism

49
Q

What type of stroke produces allodynia?

A

Allodynia = pain produced by innocuous stimulation of normal skin.
This occurs weeks to months following a lacunar stroke of the posterolateral thalamus.

50
Q

When to use acetazolamide

A

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

51
Q

When to use Mannitol

A

To reduce intracranial pressure associated with cerebral edema

52
Q

Cluster headache length of time

A

15-90 minutes

53
Q

Migraine length of time

A

4-72 hrs

54
Q

Tension headache length of time

A

30 min - 7 days

55
Q

Diagnosis:

Halos around lights

A

Angle closure glaucoma

56
Q

Location of lesion: Hemi-neglect syndrome

A

Non-dominant parietal lobe

57
Q

Define: Chorea

A

Brief, irregular, unintentional muscle contraction.

NOT repetitive or rhhythmic

58
Q

Define: Akathisia

A

Sensation of restlessness that causes the patient to move frequently.

59
Q

Define: Athetosis

A

Slow, writhing movements typically in hands and feet. Athetosis is characteristic of Huntington’s.

60
Q

What is damaged in hemiballismus.

A

Contralateral subthalamic nucleus

61
Q

Define: Myoclonus

A

Involuntary jerking of muscle. Unlike chorea, myoclonus can be rhythmic or patterned and is usually initiated by contraction or relaxation.

62
Q

Define: Dystonia

A

Dystonia = sustained muscle contraction resulting in twisting, repetitive movements or abnormal postures (e.g. Torticollis)

63
Q

What medication is used to treat tremor and rigidity in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Antimuscarinics: Benztropine and Trihexyphenidyl

64
Q

Treatment of temporal arteritis

A

high-dose oral glucocorticoids

65
Q

Diagnosis:

Patient with whiplash injury that later develops upper extremity sensory deficits and weakness

A

Syringomyelia

66
Q

Diagnosis:

Floaters, flashes of light, loss of peripheral vision first

A

retinal detachment

67
Q

Symptoms of optic neuritis

A
  • Washed out color vision
  • Monocular vision loss
  • Pain with eye movement
  • Afferent pupillary defect (paradoxical pupillary dilation of the affected eye with the swinging-flashlight test)
68
Q

Diagnosis:

Red eye, blurry vision, photophobia

A

Anterior uviitis

69
Q

Optic neuritis is associated with _______

A

multiple sclerosis

70
Q

Diagnosis:

Painless monocular vision loss, retinal whitening, cherry red spot

A

Central retinal artery occlusion

71
Q

Diagnosis:

Drusen

A

Macular degeneration

72
Q

Diagnosis:
Painless peripheral vision loss
Optic disc with increased cup:disc ratio

A

Open-angle glaucoma

73
Q

Pronator drift tests for _______

A

muscle weakness

74
Q

def. Agnosia

A

Agnosia is the inability to process sensory information. Often there is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells

75
Q

Muscle weakness that is worse later in the day.

A

Myasthenia gravis

76
Q

Diagnostic tests for myasthenia gravis

A

Bedside: Edrophonium (Tensilon) test, ice pack test
Acetylcholine receptor antibodies (highly specific)
CT scan for thymoma

77
Q

Treatment for myasthenia gravis

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g. pyridostigmine)
Immunotherapy (corticosteroids, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil)
Thymectomy

78
Q

Diagnosis:

Waddling gate

A

Muscular dystrophy

79
Q

Diagnosis:

Spastic gait

A

Upper motor neuron disease

80
Q

Diagnosis:

Wide-based, high stepping gait

A

Sensory ataxia, due to dorsal roots or posterior column lesion, leading to loss of proprioception.
Often accompanied by positive Romberg’s sign.

81
Q

Romberg tests for ______ ataxia

A

Sensory ataxia

82
Q

Tandem gait tests for ______ ataxia

A

Cerebellar ataxia

83
Q

Diagnosis:

Pediatric tumor in the cerebrum

A

Pilocystic (low-grade) astrocytoma

84
Q

Diagnosis:

Pediatric tumor in sella tursica

A

Craniopharyngioma

85
Q

Diagnosis:

Pediatric tumor in 4th ventricle in posterior fossa

A

Ependymoma

86
Q

Diagnosis:

Dementia with visual hallucinations

A

Lewy body dementia

87
Q

Localize the lesion:

Pronator drift

A

Upper motor neuron
OR
Pyramidal/Corticospinal tract disease

88
Q

Triad of symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

1) Abnormal Gait
2) Urinary Incontinence
3) Dementia

89
Q

If carotid stenosis takes up more than ____% then patient should be considered for carotid endarterectomy.

A

more than 70%

90
Q

Diagnosis:

Floaters

A

Ditached retina

91
Q

Diagnosis:

Nausea - Warmth - Diaphoresis - Syncope

A

Vasovagal Syncope

92
Q

def. Myoclonus

A

Muscle twitching

93
Q

Broca’s area is in the ______ lobe

A

Fontal lobe

94
Q

Wernicke’s area is in the _____ lobe

A

Lateral sulcus (where the temporal and parietal lobe meet)

95
Q

Motor strip of brain is located in the
Gyrus: ______
Lobe: ______

A

Precentral gyrus

Frontal lobe

96
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex of brain is located in the
Gyrus: ______
Lobe: ______

A

Postcentral gyrus

Parietal lobe

97
Q

Pathogenesis of trigeminal neuralgia

A

Demyelination of CNV due to localized compression

98
Q

Diagnosis:

Inflammation and edema of the facial nerve

A

Bell’s palsy, often due to herpes simplex reactivation

99
Q

Headache worse in the morning in a young patient.

A

Increased intracranial pressure.

In young: often due to idiopathic intracranial hypertension (aka psedotumor crebri)

100
Q

What nerves are affected in cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

CN III, IV, VI, and V1, V2

101
Q

Lenticulostriate arteries supply the _______.

The lenticulostriate arteries come off of the _________ artery.

A

Lenticulostriate arteries supply the basal ganglia (putamen).
The lenticulostriate arteries come off of the middle cerebral artery.

102
Q

Most frequent cause of Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

Haemophilus influenzae

103
Q

Prophylaxis for cluster headaches

A

Verapamil, Lithium

104
Q

Orbital massage is used to treat ________

A

Central retinal artery occlusion (unilateral acute painless vision loss)

105
Q

Most common cause of CN III palsy

A

Ischemic neuropathy due to poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.

Neurology (2 decks)

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