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Dr. Mel - Microbiology > Uworld 2017 > Flashcards

Uworld 2017 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Triad of gonorrheal infection

A

Arthritis
Dermatitis
Tenosynovitis
… in a sexually active person

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2
Q

2 ways to overcome bacterial production of beta-lactamase

A

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (oxacillin, methicillin, nafcillin)
Beta-lactamase inhibitors (clavulanic acid, tazobactam, sulbactam)

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3
Q

2 parasites that can cause disease in RBC

A

Plasmodium (malaria)

Babesia (babesiosis)

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4
Q

3 organisms causing diseases by dog bites

A

Pasteurella
Streptococci
Staphylococci

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5
Q

2 intraintestinal infections caused by freshwater consumption

A

Cryptosporidiosis

Giardiasis

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6
Q

2 organisms causing infections by exposure to plants and soil

A

Nocardia

Sporotrichosis

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7
Q

2 fungal spore inhalation causing pulmonary infections

A

Histoplasmosis

Blastomycosis

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8
Q

3 bacterias treated by Streptomycin

A

Mycobacteria tuberculosis
Yersinia pestis
Francisella tularensis

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9
Q

4 diseases transmitted by arthropode bites

A

Leishmaniasis (sandfly bite)
Plasmodium/malaria (anopheles mosquitoe bite)
Chagas ds (reduviid bug bite)
Lyme ds/borrelia burgdorferi (ixodes tick bite)

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10
Q

4 causes of heterophile-antibody negative mononucleosis-like syndrome

A

CMV
HHV6
HIV
Toxoplasmosis

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11
Q

4 Cephalosporin-resistant organisms

A

Listeria monocytogenes
Atypicals (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia)
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus
Enterococci

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12
Q

Botulism

A

Infant B: honey, spore ingestion, moderate to severe (constipation, mild weakness, lethargy, poor feeding to floppy baby)
Adult B: canned food, preformed toxin ingestion, very severe

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13
Q

Gastroenteritis acquired from domestic animals or contaminated food

A

Campylobacter jejuni
From cattle, chickens, dogs
Inflammatory diarrhea, fever, abdo pain, tenesmus
Ass w/ Guillain-Barré sd

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14
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Very narrow zone beta-hemolysis on blood agar
Immotile at 37*
Tumbling motility at 22*
Cultured at 4*
Infection when weak cell-mediated immunity (neonates-3mo, ID)

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15
Q

EHEC infection

A

No invasion of mucosa
Shiga-like toxin that inhibits protein synthesis in colonic mucosa + renal endoth cells (inactivats 60S ribosome)
No sorbitol fermentation
No production of glucuronidase

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16
Q

Influenza epidemics + pandemics

A

By genetic reassortment of RNA segments coding for hemagglutinin or neuraminidase proteins
Major antigenic shifts

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17
Q

E coli virulence

A

Neonatal meningitis: K1 capsular antigen (bact survive in blood + cause meningitis)
UTI: fimbriae (adhesive proteins)

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18
Q

Predisposition to high bacteremia/sepsis

A

By indwelling central catheters

Suspect cath-related inf in hospitalized ptts w/ new fever or bacteremia

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19
Q

Resistance of Enterococci to Aminoglycosides

A

Produce aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes that transfer chemical groups (acetyl, …) to aminoglycoside molecule
Impair AB binding to ribosomal subunits

20
Q

Cells recruted when superantigens (TSST)

A

Nonspecific, widespread activation of T cells (IL2)

Macrophages (IL1, TNF)

21
Q

Risk of HCC in HBV + HCV

A

HBV: risk always elevated bcz HBV DNA persistent in genome
HCV: lacks reverse transcriptase, no integration in genome, risk diminishes after Ab and viral replication stops

22
Q

Reactivation of latent EBV in HIV+

A

Increased incidence of EBV-induced lymphoproliferative disorders (malignant B-lymphocytes, …)

23
Q

Meningococcus attachment to host cell

A

By pilli

On mucosal epith of nasopharynx

24
Q

Vertical transmission of Hepatitis B in pregnant women

A

In active hepatitis B inf
HBeAg increases the risk
Newborns of mothers w/ active hepB: passively immunized at birth w/ HBIg then recombinent HBV vaccine

25
Q

MOA of adverse effects of Amphotericin B

A

Antifungal effect: by binding to ergosterol in fungal cell membrane
Adv effects: by binding cholesterol in human cells
Nephrotoxicity
Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia

26
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Cultured on cysteine-tellurite agar: black colonies

Bact produce intracellular phosphate granules (metachromatic granules): on methylene blue staining

27
Q

Septic shock

A

From release of endotoxins (in outer membrane of G-)
LPS: O antigen, core polysacch, lipid A
Lipid A: toxic, activation of macrophages (IL1, TNFa)

28
Q

AB exotoxin of Diphtheria toxin

A

Ribosylates + inactivates EF-2

Inhibits prot synthesis then cell death

29
Q

Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine

A

Reduced incidence of meningitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, epiglottitis

30
Q

Vitamin A in measles infection

A

Reduce comorbidities
Recovery time
Length of hospitalization

31
Q

Side effects of protease inhibitors

A

Hyperglycemia
Lipodystrophy
Drug-drug interactions (by inhib of CYP450)

32
Q

Malignancies ass w/ EBV

A

Burkitt lymphoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

33
Q

Diagnosis of Genital herpes simplex virus infection

A

PCR
Direct fluorescence Ab testing
Viral culture
Tzank smear

34
Q

Neonatal tetanus

A

Prevented by hygenic delivery + umbilical cord care + immunization of women
Passive imm: transplacental IgG
Active imm: around age 2 months

35
Q

EBV in malignancies

A

In 50% of systemic B-cell lymphomas, primary CNS lymphomas in HIV+
Burkitt lymphoma if high mitotic index

36
Q

Defense against Candida

A

Local: T cells; so common on HIV
Systemic: neutrophils; so common in neutropenic ptt

37
Q

Zidovudine

A

NRTI: binds reverse transcriptase
Incorporated into viral genome as thymidine analog
No 3’-5’ phosphodiester bond formation

38
Q

Foscarnet

A

Pyrophosphate analog
Do not require intracellular activation
Bind + inhibit: DNA polymerase in herpes virus and reverse transcriptase in HIV

39
Q

Abacavir hypersensitivity reaction (AHR)

A

2-8% of ptts
Ass w/ HLA-B*57:01 allele
HS type IV
Fever, malaise, GI sympt, delayed rash

40
Q

Mycobacterial resistance to Streptomycin, Isoniazid, Rifampin

A

Streptomycin inhibits prot synthesis by inactivating 30S
Decreased activity of bact catalase-peroxidase: mycobacterial resist to isoniazid
Alteration of enzymes for RNA synthesis: resist to Rifampin

41
Q

Ttt of Lyme ds

A

Tetracyclines

But CI in pregnancy (fetal tooth discoloration) so Amoxicillin

42
Q

Invasive pneumococcal ds

A

Elderly + young children
Vaccination (conjugate V)
Pneumo polysaccharide V (unconjugated): relative T-cell dep response
Pneumo conjugate V (polysacc + prot Ag): robust T-cell dep resp

43
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum in immunocompromed ptt

A

Survive intracell in macrophages
Disseminated mycosis
Fever, weight loss, painful oral ulcers, lymphad, HSM

44
Q

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)

A

Disseminated ds in HIV+

If CD4<50 give prophylactic azithromycin to prevent MAC

45
Q

Ether + organic solvents

A

Dissolve lipid bilayer of outer viral envelope

Dr. Mel - Microbiology (3 decks)

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