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The medicine > UV 1 + 2 - DTM - week 1 > Flashcards

UV 1 + 2 - DTM - week 1 Flashcards

UV 1 + UV 2

1
Q
  1. salbutamol is a what agonist and so causes what
  2. salbutamol has opposite effects to which drugs? give an example
  3. salbutamol would be said to be what to these type of drugs
A
  1. beta beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist and causes bronchodilation
  2. beta blockers like propranolol
  3. contra-indicated
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2
Q

name the 5 spectroscopic methods available

A
  1. UV spectrophotometry
  2. NMR ( nuclear magnetic resonance)
  3. IR ( infrared spectroscopy)
  4. MS ( mass spectroscopy)
  5. Ea ( elemental analysis)
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3
Q

what 4 things does UV spectrophotometry reveal about a drug

A
  1. electron conjugation
  2. if drug is acid or base or both
  3. purity of drug
  4. single/mutiple bonds
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4
Q

what 4 things does NMR tell us about a drug

A
  1. which atoms are there
  2. how many of each atom
  3. whats connected to what
  4. purity
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5
Q

what 5 things does IR tell us about a drug

A
  1. functional groups present
  2. carboxylic acid vs alcohol
  3. amine vs amide
  4. aldehyde vs ketone
  5. saturated vs unsaturated
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6
Q

EA analyis tells us what about the drug

A

its content and purity

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6
Q

what 5 things does mass spectrometry tell us about a drug

A
  1. purity
  2. metabolite analysis
  3. isotope analysis
  4. fragmentation/isomers
  5. molecular weight
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7
Q
  1. which spectroscopic method is the most powerful
  2. which method can use the smallest sample size
A
  1. NMR
  2. MS
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8
Q

arrange the light rays in
order of most energy to least energy + shortest to longest wavelength and highest to lowest frequency

A
  1. cosmic rays
  2. gamma rays
  3. x- rays
  4. UV
  5. Visible
  6. IR
  7. Microwave
  8. tv
  9. NMR/radio
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9
Q

speed is what? give the value and equation

A

constant
c=l.n
value = 3x108 m.s-1

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10
Q
  1. the range for the uv visible region is what
  2. if a drug is coloured what does this mean about its absorption
  3. all drugs absorb which light but how
A
  1. 200 - 800nm
  2. it has some uv absorption greater than 400nm
  3. uv but at sometimes very short wavelengths
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11
Q

uv product analysis
1. postition of lambda max shows extent of what
2. changes in uv after adding an acid or base shows what is present
3. an increase in electron conjugation causes what to the lambda max
4. a decrease in electron conjugation causes what to the lambda max

A
  1. electron conjugation in a drug
  2. ionizable groups in conjugation with a chromophore
  3. red shift of lmax to longer wavelength in uv
  4. blue shift of lmax to shorter wavelengths in uv
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12
Q
  1. define chromophore and auxochrome
  2. what happens to a bonding or non bonding electron when a drug absorbs uv light
  3. ε is what
  4. what is it a measure of
  5. how do we know if HOMO-LUMO is compatible
  6. what do low values of ε indicate
  7. conjugation causes what to happen to ε
  8. lower energy ( homo + lumo being close in energy) does what to wavelength
A
  1. chromophore = substituent or group or atom in drug responsible for uv absorption

auxochrome = group that causes red shift of chromophore
2. promoted from highest occupied molecular orbital to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
3. molar extinction co-efficient
4. intensity of uv absorption
5. ε will be intense
6. if ε is intense ( so high)
6. forbiddent transitions
7. causes it to be intense
8. longer wavelength light absorbed

can be several chromophores in drug

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12
Q
  1. adding more conjugated C=C bonds does what to lmax
  2. why are ε values hard to predict
  3. give the equation for ε
  4. ε values are hard to predict but are what
A
  1. significant increase caused in lmax
  2. p is not always known
  3. ε = k P A
    k = constant
    P = probability factor
    A = chromophore area
  4. additive
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13
Q

steroid product
1. Uv absorption is due to which chromophore
2. cross conjugation does what to lmax

A
  1. C=C-C=O
  2. DOES NOT extend it
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14
Q

2

effects of susbstituents on lmax
1. lmax does what with para electron donating/withdrawring groups
2. what does NO2 do to conjugation in comparison to aniline
3. opposing electron withdrawing groups do what

A
  1. increases
  2. extends it
  3. cancel out
15
Q

2

phenols vs aniline
1. phenols and anilines do show what in the UV
2. phenols are sensitive to what
3. why do amphetamine and pethidine not increase lmax when an acid is added
4. amphetamine and pethidine on addition of an acid show no change in what

A
  1. acid/base sensitivity
  2. base
  3. they arent directly conjugated to the chromophore/ amino group not direct conjugation with phenyl ring
  4. electron delocalisatoon
16
Q

2

  1. adding a base to salbutamol would do what to lmax
  2. adding an acid to salbutamol would do what to lmax
A
  1. shift lmax to longer wavelength
  2. leave lmax the same due to phenol
17
Q

2

  1. carboxylic acids show what uv behaviour when ionised compared to phenols
  2. adding a base to phenols does what to lmax
  3. adding a base to carboxylic acids does what to lmax
A
  1. opposite
  2. shifts lmax to longer wavelengths
  3. shifts lmax to shorter wavelengths
18
Q

2

beer lambert law
1. what does beers law state
2. what does lamberts law state
3. give the equation

A
  1. light absorbed directly proportional to drug conce
  2. total light absorbed directly proportional to optical path length
  3. A=ϵcl

a= absorbance
ϵ= molar extinction co efficient ( L.mol-1.cm-1)
c= drug conce ( mol.L-1)
l= path length (cm) 1cm usually

19
Q

2

Beer lambert deviation
1. give 7 reasons for deviation due to a drug sample
2. give 5 reasons for deviation due to the environment
3. for a pure drug absorbance vs conce would give what
4. properties of what 4 things can cause deviation from beer-lambert

A
    • contamination
    • precipitation
    • degradation
    • photolysis
    • tautomerisation
    • pH sensitivity
    • temperature
    • stray light
    • mismatched cells
    • solvent absorption
    • sensitivity &laquo_space;0.002 ( sensitivity much less than 0.002)
    • 0.2<A<2.0 ideally
  3. straight line passing through the origin
    • drug
    • preparation
    • instrumentation
    • conditions
20
Q

2

sunscreen + skin protection
1. what are the ranges for UVC and what rays are these
2. what are the ranges for UVB and what rays are these
3. what are the ranges for UVA and what rays are these
4. extended chromophores do what to harmful UV light
5. p-aminobenzoates aka PABA are what suncreens are based on but they are not used much as they are what
6. The R group is made what and why
7. which compounds are the most widely used and why

A
  1. 100-280nm damaging but filtered by atmosphere oxygen
  2. 280-320nm sunburn rays
  3. 320-400nm tanning rays
  4. absorb
  5. allergenic so cause allergies
  6. made lipophilic to decrease aqeuous solubility
  7. octyl methoxycinnamates ( OMC) as allergic reactions are rare
21
Q

2

give 3 ways of how are drug in short lived excited state can lose its extra energy and return to ground state

A
  1. internal collisons
  2. re-emit light as phosphorescence or fluorescence
  3. causing photochemical reactions

trans isomer absorbs 313nm light more effcienctly

22
Q

2

quantum yield
1. what is this in a photochemical reaction
2. what is the equation
3. small numbers for quantum yield mean what
4. large numbers for quantum yield mean what
5. what is the quantum yield if every molecule undergoes reaction
6. what is primary quantum yield based on
7. what is overall quantum yield based on
8. for acetone what is the primary quantum yield and what is the overall quantum yield

A
  1. quantum yield is number between 0 and 1
  2. QY = no. of molecules undergoing a process/ no. of quanta (h.v) absorbed
  3. inefficient
  4. efficient
  5. 1
  6. initial reaction
  7. isolatable products
  8. primary = around 1 overall is around 0
23
Q

2

drug phototoxicity
1. ketoprofen/KP is sold as what
2. photosensitisation reactions occur due to what
3. what can this cause (3)
4. benzophenone is a good what

A
  1. analgesic NSAID
  2. drug decomposition, KP1 decarboxylated in nanosecond to form anion KP 2
  3. photohemolysis, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage
  4. photosensitiser

The medicine (2 decks)

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