UTS 2 Flashcards
DANIEL KAHNEMAN’S
TWO THINKING SYSTEMS
-SYSTEM ONE
-SYSTEM TWO
is capable of making quick decisions, based on very little information.
Fleeting impressions, and the many other shortcuts you’ve developed throughout your life, are combined to enable System 1 to make these decisions quickly, without deliberation and conscious effort.
System one
is usually engaged in types of decisions that require attention and slow, effortful, considered responses.
Situations like choosing which college to attend, which house to buy, or whether to change careers would likely require a much more thoughtful and rational approach than just using your gut feeling
System 2
When making decisions or judgments, we often use mental shortcuts or “rules of thumb” known
heuristics
Thinking may be prone to systematic errors.
- Some beliefs might not be based on evidence, but we continue to consider them as “truths.”
- Even though you know what the objective reality is,
it does not change the way you see the lines.
COGNITIVE BIASES
People judge an experience largely based on how they felt at its ____
The total sum of pleasantness or unpleasantness is entirely disregarded!
“When people assess an experience, they tend to forget or ignore its length. Instead, they seem to rate the experience based on two key moments: (1) the best or worst moment, known as the peak and (2) the ending […]
PEAK END RULE
When people are asked to judge the probability that
an object or event belongs to a category
Assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category.
“the probability that Steve is a librarian is assessed by the degree to which his is representative of, or similar to, the stereotype of a librarian,” (Tversky and Kahneman)
REPRESENTATIVENESS
ffect as a powerful impact on the choices we make, from decisions about the things we buy to daily preferences about how to live our lives.
So the next time you are trying to make an important decision, give a little thought to the possible impact of the anchoring bias on your choices.
ANCHORING AND
ADJUSTMENT
a conscious mental reaction (such as anger or fear) subjectively experienced as a strong feeling.
emotion
proposed that bodily changes come first and form the basis of an emotional experience. Thus, emotions are caused by bodily sensations (you become happier when you smile, you are afraid because you run).
James-Lange theory of emotion (1880s)
we react to a stimulus and experience the associated emotion at the same time. The physical reactions are not dependent upon the emotional reaction, or vice versa.
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
emotions are a result of two factors:
Physical processes in the body (such as activation of the sympathetic nervous system, for example), which researchers refer to as “physiological arousal.” These changes can include things like having your heart start beating faster, sweating, or trembling.
A cognitive process, in which people try to interpret this physiological response by looking at their surrounding environment to see what could be causing them to feel this way.
Schachter-Singer theory
may be broadly defined as the way in which a person uses emotional experiences to provide for adaptive functioning (Thompson, 1994).
EMOTION REGULATION
