UTS Flashcards by AshlyPlays YT

PHILOSOPHY ethymology

philos - love/beloved
sophia - wisdom

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a thinking mode or a method which asks
questions about the nature and essence of various
realities appearing on our earth (Laehy, 2008).

philosophy

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it is a
manner of thinking about
the most basic questions
and problems faced by
human beings.

philosophy

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First thinker about the
“self”
Self = physical body +
soul
Soul = perfect, immortal,
but limited inside a body

socrates

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Dualism: the idea that the
self is composed of two
elements, body and soul
Three Parts of the Soul
* Reason
* Spirit
* Physical Appetite

plato

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_____ proposed the idea
of the four humors as
determiners of personality
types:
Red bile
– Sanguine
Phlegm
– Phlegmatic
Yellow bile
– Choleric
Black bile
– Melancholic

galen

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Believed that man, the self,
is created in the image and
likeliness of God.
The soul seeks God. It is
found through faith and
reason.
The self, since it is created
by God, is inherently good.

st. augustine

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The Father of Modern
Philosophy
he revived the Greeks’
dualism (self is composed of
body and soul)
The very reason we exist
is because we think. We
are capable of thinking
because of our soul.
I think, therefore I am

rene descartes

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Tabula rasa: the mind is
empty when it is born, and
is only filled with knowledge
through experiences.
It is our consciousness
that gives us an idea
about our self. Our
memories and perceptions
of who we are makes up
our consciousness.

john locke

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There is no such thing
as the “self.”
The “self” is just bundles
of different perceptions.
Sensation: when different things in the
environment enter our senses
Perception: when the brain interprets
what we have sensed
The mind is contains two
contents:
Impressions: those that are
perceived from the
environment
Ideas: those that are created
inside the mind

david hume

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The self is reflected only in
one’s behavior (kilos,
galaw)
Our consistent ways of
behaving forms our
uniqueness.
What you do = who you are

gilbert ryle

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The self is only reflected
through neural
mechanisms. The “mind”
is not a separate entity
from the body, but is
projected from it.

paul and patricia churchland

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summary

The capacity to think, feel, have motivations, behave, and to
have an identity can be separately studied from the
biological body, even if it is a part of it.
* Just like our body, our mind also develops through
experiences.
*Our self can be analyzed through our experiences,
perceptions, behaviors, or even through our biological
bodies.

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a theory that says human beings are driven by sex (pleasure) and
aggression. Freud derived his theoretical
assumptions from his patients with mental
illnesses.

SIGMUND FREUD’S
PSYCHOANALYTIC
THEORY ON THE SELF

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STRUCTURE OF THE MIND, the part of our
minds in which are
presently aware of

conscious level

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STRUCTURE OF THE MIND, the part of the
mind that is not within
our awareness, but
stores our memories
and stored
knowledge

preconscious level

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STRUCTURE OF THE MIND, the part of the mind
that contains
repressed memories,
immoral urges, and
sexual desires

unconscious level

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When threatened by the
demands of the id, superego,
and the reality, the ego feels
_____. It thus employs a set
of techniques to ease itself.
These are called as ______

anxiety, self defense mechanisms

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Memories are pushed back to
the unconscious to forget them.

repression

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Declaring something that is not
true even if it is true

denial

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Attributing one’s own urges,
feelings, and wishes onto others

projection

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Showing a behavior that is the
exact opposite of what oneself
feels

reaction formation

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Redirecting one’s urges or
feelings onto other people,
objects, or animals

displacement

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Trying to justify why a certain
event happened

rationalization

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Reverting to behaviors that are observed in childhood

regression

Trying to be stoic and shutting emotions when a problem arises

intellectualization

In Filipino terms, “bumabawi” – trying to undo a bad thing with a good thing

undoing

Sorting out problems and dealing with each one separately

compartmentalization

Redirecting an unacceptable urge to a more acceptable behavior

sublimation

_______ Each stage is characterized by a dominant part in the body called as _______. * Failure to develop a healthy personality during each stage may lead to ______. * These _______ will manifest in one’s adulthood.

psychosexual stages, erogenous zone, fixation

Id is dominant * Mouth is the most active * Fixation: oral-aggressive or oral-dependent

oral stage

The stage where toilet training is emphasized, which becomes a blueprint for babies to be organized and independent. * Fixations: anal-retentive or anal-expulsive

anal stage

This stage is characterized by the Oedipus complex – a feeling of attraction towards the opposite sex parent and wanting to get rid of the same sex parent.The importance of the Oedipus complex, for Freud, is for children to get the qualities and characteristics of their same-sex parents. * Fixations: * Unstable personality * A distorted view of morality

phallic stage

* Characterized by a dormant sexual drive. * Children in this stage are more focused on play and forming relationship with their playmates, as well as focusing on school.

latency stage

A stage where persons get to discover and explore their sexuality. * If there were fixations during childhood, it is in this stage where those fixations are manifested.

genital stage

WHAT FREUD GOT RIGHT

* Childhood experiences shape our adult personality. * Our parents are important figures in our lives during our childhood. * Our minds undergo development just like our biological bodies. * There are some internal struggles that we are not aware of. * We use several defense mechanisms to confront problems that bring us anxiety. * It is important to have a balanced sense of self for individuals to be mentally healthy.

WHAT FREUD GOT WRONG

We are motivated not just by sex and aggression, but so much more. * Our motivations can be largely conscious, and not just unconscious. * The existence of the unconscious is difficult to prove. * It is also difficult to prove the existence of the id, ego, and superego. * Freud’s view on human development is deterministic (you are not capable of changing your destiny due to fixations)

PSYCHOLOGY ethymology

psyche - soul/spirit logos - study

the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes such as thinking and emotions.

psychology

Three Topics in Psychology Central to Our “Self”

personality, intelligence, love

defined as a person’s consistent pattern of thoughts, behaviors, and feelings.

personality

It is generally how we describe people. the building blocks of personality. considered to be relatively consistent.

traits

Traits exist as a continuum or dimension, which means each person has a “level” of a particular trait. A person may be high, low, or average in a particular trait. Traits are not categories (e.g., extraverts vs introverts). * Traits are relatively consistent over time. Traits tend to stabilize by age 30, but changes may still occur. * Traits are highly genetic and biological. Variations in traits are produced by situational factors. * Traits are amoral. Every trait, regardless of level, has an evolutionary function.

traits of traits

* In the 1930s, _________ identified 18,000 adjectives used to describe people in the Oxford Dictionary. * To see the commonalities of these adjectives (or traits), __________ used a statistical technique called as factor analysis to reduce a large number of data based on their common features. Cattell yielded 4500 traits. * Further analysis reduced the traits from 4500 into 171, then into 36. The final analysis yielded 16 traits.

gordon allport, raymond cattell

one of the big five traits, _____ are those who enjoy socializing with others. They prefer being in the presence of other people and are often energetic. * An______ is a person who prefers being alone or with smaller groups of people. They are not usually expressive when it comes to being energetic. Warmth towards others * Gregariousness * Assertiveness * Energetic * Excitement-seeking * Positive emotions

extraversion, introvert

one of the big five traits, This trait describes people who are thrill-seekers, open-minded, and unconventional. They prefer thinking outside of the box and not on traditional ideas. * People low in this trait prefer routines. They may also highly conform to tradition and express dissatisfaction with liberal ideas. * The tendency to fantasize and daydream * Aesthetic appreciation * Intellectual curiosity * Having unconventional values * Thrill-seeking

Openness to experience

one of the big five traits, This describes people who are very organized, hardworking, detail-oriented. * People who score low on conscientiousness prefer careless and impulsive decisionmaking and are disorganized. Confidence in one’s ability * Being organized * Dutiful * Achievement-striving * Self-discipline * Carefu

conscientiousness

one of the big five traits, ______ people are those that are described as good-natured, helpful, trusting, but also gullible. * People who are on the opposite spectrum of this trait are antagonistic, critical, and uncooperative. Trustfulness * Compliant and obedient * Modest/humble * Caring and altruistic

agreeableness

one of the big five traits, * ______ people are often described as worriers, anxious, unhappy, and easily get annoyed. * Those who score low on neuroticism are emotionally stable, resilient, and are usually calm. Anxious * Anger hostility * Propensity for sadness * Emotionally vulnerable

neuroticism

defined as… * The capacity to learn from experience, and; * The ability to adapt to the surrounding environment.

intelligence

Related concepts to intelligence: * _______: the readiness and potential of a person to learn * ______: the accumulated knowledge and skills of a person

aptitude, achievement

_____ is the global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment ______

intelligence, David Wechsler

One of the first to study intelligence. * He claimed that intelligence has two forms: a general form and a specific form. * This general form is made up of the overall capacity of the person when looking at all of his/her specific intelligences. * Intelligence can be represented by a score. * This score known today called as the IQ. * Everything that reflects your adaptation, skills, abilities, can be represented by your overall IQ

charles spearman

He believed that each of us has different strengths and weaknesses. * He listed different forms of intelligence. * Each of us has a preferable mode of showing our intelligence, which he called as multiple intelligences. interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, mathematical-logical, bodily-kinesthetic, musical linguistic-verbal, visual-spatial

howard gardnar

The Neurotransmitters/Hormones of Love, Involved in feelings of the pleasurable feeling when in love. It is also involved in being motivated towards another person.

dophamine

The Neurotransmitters/Hormones of Love, : Involved in feelings of happiness, enjoyment, and sadness when in love.

serotonin

The Neurotransmitters/Hormones of Love, Involved in feelings of alertness and arousal.

norepinephrine

The Neurotransmitters/Hormones of Love, Involved in feelings of attachment and intimacy.

oxytocin (hormone)

The Neurotransmitters/Hormones of Love, Involved in feelings of pain reduction.

endorphin

The Neurotransmitters/Hormones of Love,Involved in memory formation

acetylcholine

According to psychologist _____, love is a feeling of delight in the presence of another person.

Rollo May,

According to _______, another psychologist, love is not a feeling. It is a decision. It is a judgment. Love is a decision, it is a judgment, it is a promise. If love were only a feeling, there would be no basis for the promise to love each other forever. A feeling comes and it may go. How can I judge that it will stay forever, when my act does not involve judgment and decision. In love, the paradox occurs that two beings become one yet remain two.

Erich Fromm

Four Requirements of Love According to Erich Fromm

knowledge, care, respect, responsibility

Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love

passion, intimacy, commitment

explain all combinations of the theory of love by robert sternsberg

intimacy - liking passion - infatuation commiment - empty love commitment/passion - fatuous love commitiment/intimacy -companionate love passion/intimacy - romantic love passion/intimacy/commitment - consummate love

Who we are as individuals (____) are byproducts of the groups, society, and the societal institutions we belong to.

self

A concept developed by ______ and was later used by George Herbert Mead. * The looking-glass self refers to the interactive process by which we develop our sense of self based on how we imagine we appear to others. * Other people act as a mirror, reflecting back the image we project through their reactions to our behavior.

charles horton cooley, looking glass self

three steps in looking glass self

imagine, behavior, evaluate, re-shape

he extended the idea of the looking-glass self. The interactive process introduced by the looking-glass self, when done consistently, forms a person’s roles. Mead said the roles are formed by significant others and generalized others

george herbert mead

It is a set of expectations about how a person should behave in certain situations. *it form a big part of one’s identity.

roles

When our roles give us stress…

Role conflict occurs when two or more incompatible roles demand something from the individual * Role overload happens when individuals fulfill multiple roles and finds it hard to satisfy them * Role confusion happens when expectations of behavior are vague and unclear to the person

* It is is the process of changing behavior to fit in a certain role or societal norm. * Experiments tend to show that people would rather do this to groups even if they were wrong

comfomity

in this experiment, participants most of the time would say that the target line is as equally long as Line B just because accomplices said so, even if it was obviously in the same length as Line C

solomon asch's experiment

One of the most controversial and brutal experiments in psychology. It showcased how people take on their perceived roles seriously even if it is just make-believe. In the experiment, college students role played being either prisoners or prison guards. * Even if prison guards were only playing a role, because of the situation presented by their environment (make-believe prisons), prison guards abused their authority and took the experiment too seriously. * The experiment concluded that people can do bad things because of the situation and roles that they are in.

stanford prison experiment

a behavior wherein a person yields to an instruction of another, usually of an authority figure. * We usually do this when the authority figures who are: * Similar to us * Physically present

obedience

experiment showcased how people would automatically obey in the presence of an authority figure, even if they are being commanded to harm others. The physical presence of an authority figure may be a determining factor for obeying an inhumane command of an authority figure.

milgram experiment

* Refers to the process by which individuals attempt to control the impression that others form of them in social interaction. * It can be conscious or unconscious

self-presentation

Types of Self-Presentation

Authentic Self-Presentation: the goal is to create an image of ourselves in the eyes of others that is consistent on how we view ourselves * Ideal Self-Presentation: creating a public image consistent with what we wish we were * Tactical Self-Presentation: creating a public image consistent with what others wish or expects us to be

Our bias to judge other people based on their personal dispositions rather than their situations. * “He is a drug addict. He must be a really bad person.” (even if drug addiction is primarily caused by poverty and structural inequality). * “She had a low score on the quiz. She must have low intelligence.” (even if she was finding it hard to juggle her work and academics)

Fundamental Attribution Error