UTS-1 MIDTERM Flashcards
____ explained the self from their conceptual understanding of the world since scientific evidence was hard to obtain due to lack of measures
The ancient philosophers
_____have incorporated science into their theories in light of the technological advancements they have been exposed to.
contemporary philosophers
a Greek philosopher who believed that philosophy had a very important role to play in the lives of the people.
SOCRATES
One of his most quoted phrases is, “The unexamined life is not worth living”.
SOCRATES
According to ___ self-knowledge, as well as the question about how one ought to live one’s life, are very important concerns because only by knowing your self can you hope to improve your life.
socrates
Suggested that the self consists of two dichotomous realms: physical and ideal realms.
Socrates
is changeable, transient and imperfect.
physical realm
is unchanging, eternal, and immortal.
ideal realm
our body belongs to the _____
Physical realm
the soul belongs to the____
ideal realm
Socrates explains that the essence of the self____ is the immortal entity
the soul
suggests that man must live an examined life and a life of purpose and value.
socrates
_____is the ultimate virtue
Self-knowledge
Self-knowledge is the ultimate viture according to whom?
socrates
“The Unexamined Life is not Worth Living” quote of whom?
socrates
_____was the student of Socrates who also believed that the self is synonymous with the soul.
Plato
he introduced the idea of a three-part soul: reason, physical appetite and spirit or passion.
Plato
The Self is an Immortal Soul–quote of whom?
plato
is the divine essence that enables us to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths
reason
includes our basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire.
physical appetite
includes the basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and empathy
spirit or passion
believes it is the responsibility of Reason to sort things out and exert control, restoring a harmonious relationship among the three elements of our selves.
Plato
responsibility of ____to sort things out and exert control, restoring a harmonious relationship among the three elements of our selves.
reason
believes that the soul is merely a set of defining features and does not consider the body and soul as separate entities.
Aristotle
He suggest that anything with life has a soul.
aristotle
His discussion about the self centers on the kinds of soul possessed by man
aristotle
he introduces the three kinds of soul: vegetative, sentient, and rational.
aristotle
____ includes the physical body that can grow
vegetative soul
includes sensual desires, feelings, and emotions.
sentient soul
is what makes man human.
rational soul
suggests that the rational nature of the self is to lead a good, flourishing, and fulfilling life (self-actualization)
aristotle
he posits that part of the rational soul is characterized by moral virtues such as justice and courage.
aristotle
The Soul is the Essence of the Self
aristotle
The Self Has an Immortal Soul
augustine
(354 – 430 CE) is one of the greatest Christian philosophers of all time.
st. augustine
shares the view that the soul is not only different from the body, but it is also superior to it
st. augustine
As a Christian philosopher, he asserts the need for the soul to achieve unity with God through faith as well as reason (Chaffee, 2016).
st.augustine
the self is created in the image and likeness of God. Since God is good, everything He created is good. Thus, the self is intrinsically good because it is the creation of a good God.
St. augustine
____ is known only through knowing God Augustine espouses the significance of reflection, as well as the importance of prayers and confessions to arrive at a justification for the existence of God
the self
“knowledge can only come by seeing the truth that dwells within us.”
st. augustine
according to whom___the goal of the self is to know its Creator by seeking to be united with God through faith and reason.
st. augustine
The soul is what makes us humans
thomas aquinas
(1225–1274 CE) rose to prominence in his contributions to philosophy and religion.
thomas aquinas
______’s position follows that of Aristotle where he argues that all living things possess a soul.
thomas aquinas
For human beings, the person emerges from the body and the soul. In other words, the person is both body and soul.
thomas aquinas
He claims that all our self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world around us.
thomas aquinas
we don’t encounter ourselves as isolated minds or selves, but rather always as agents interacting with our environment.
thomas aquinas
argues that our awareness of ourselves is triggered and shaped by our experiences of objects in our environment.
thomas aquinas
I think therefore I am in latin
Cogito ergo sum
Cogito ergo sum in english
I think before I am
“_______” is the keystone of Descartes’ concept of self
I think before I am
For him, the act of thinking about the self— of being self—conscious—is in itself proof that there is a self.
rene descartes
This is the essence of the human self—a thinking entity that doubts, understands, analyzes, questions, and reasons.
rene descartes
asserts the need to doubt all things one has been taught without question as a crucial condition in arriving at clear and reasonable conclusions.
rene descartes
He then endorses to the person to ask whether he or she could hold to the conclusions arrived at without doubt and not to take anything as true unless it is clearly evident
rene descartes (1952)
is important in order to know what one is certain. It is the right way to start when it comes to building a system of beliefs.
the need to doubt
puts primacy to one’s capacity to think
rene descartes
is the key to why one holds a personal identity and a sense of selfhood.
Being conscious of self
Without_______, one cannot gain any idea of personal identity; in other words, one cannot have a sense of self (Chaffee, 2016).
the ability to be conscious of self or to be aware of self
The Self is Consciousness
john locke
English philosopher (1632–1704 CE) posits the primacy of sense experience in acquiring knowledge and that only through careful focus on sense experience, one can judge the accuracy of our conclusions (Chaffee, 2016).
John Locke
argues that understanding the self begins with understanding what is meant to be a person, an individual who can reason and reflect.
John Locke
idea of self is founded on consciousness and not on the substance such as the soul or body.
John Locke
blank state in other words
tabula rasa
He feels that the self, or personal identity, is constructed primarily from sense experiences—or more specifically, what people see, hear, smell, taste, and feel.
john locke
_______are the keys to understanding the self. according to john locke
Conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences
believes that the essence of the self is its conscious awareness of itself as a thinking, reasoning, and reflecting identity.
john locke
is necessary to have a coherent personal (self) identity or knowledge of the self as a person. according to john locke
Self-consciousness
Scottish philosopher(1711–1776 CE) hypothesized that there is absence of the self.
David Hume
The idea of ______ is a result of imagination. according to david hume
personal identity
the idea of personal identity is a result of _____ according to david hume
imagination
believed that any idea must be derived from an impression and argues that when we are self-conscious we are only aware of fleeting thoughts, feelings, and perceptions; we do not have an impression of the self.
david hume
Hume maintains that if people carefully examine the contents of their experience, they will find that there are only distinct entities:
impressions and ideas.
are the basic constituents of an experience upon which ideas are derived.
impressions
Impressions are the basic sensations of people’s experience such as hate, love, joy, grief, pain, cold, and heat.
impressions
are vivid perceptions and are strong and lively.
impressions
are thoughts and images from impressions so they are less lively and vivid.
ideas
He further argues that no impressions persist for they (impressions) are always in constant motion and flux. One cannot find a sensation (impression) of a “constant self” that makes up one’s identity simply because impressions are fleeting.
david humes
concludes that because one cannot find a self in these changing sensations, perhaps the self does not exist (Chaffee, 2016).
david humes
There is No Self
david humes
One of the greatest thinkers of modern philosophy
IMMANUEL KANT
worked to synthesize what seemingly were different perspectives in the acquisition of knowledge: experience and reason (Chaffee, 2016)
IMMANUEL KANT
it is the self that makes experiencing an intelligible world possible because it is the self that is actively organizing and synthesizing all of our thoughts and perceptions.
IMMANUEL KANT
We Construct the Self
IMMANUEL KANT
It is the self that makes experiencing an understandable world possible because it is the self that is actively organizing all our thoughts and perceptions.
IMMANUEL KANT
the self constructs its own reality creating a world that is familiar and predictable, and most significantly, mine.
IMMANUEL KANT
is the product of reason, a regulative principle,
self
through____the self transcends sense experience because the mind can grasp aspects of reality which are not limited to the senses.
rationality
Through _____ people are able to understand certain abstract ideas that have no corresponding physical object or sensory experience.
rationality
The Self is Multilayered
sigmund freud
is one of the greatest psychologists of all time.
sigmund freud
He is not a philosopher, but his views on the nature of the self have a far-reaching impact on philosophical thinking, as well as other disciplines such as psychology and sociology.
sigmund freud
the mind is made up of three mental states.
sigmund freud
_____ is that which one is aware of, including thoughts, feelings, intentions, and perceptions, at any given moment in time.
conscious
______refers to the mental states that one is not aware of at any given moment.
unconscious
_____refers to material that may not be accessible to one’s conscious experience at the moment, but it can easily be retrieved to consciousness.
preconscious
Freud asserts the primacy of the unconscious in explaining one’s behavior, while the conscious mind plays a lesser role. true or false
true
is one of the first psychologists to look into the study of personality: the dynamic organization of all that is psychological and physical about the person, which in turn determines the person’s unique adjustment to the environment. In a sense, personality refers to how the self is manifested.
sigmund freud
three structures of personality. true of false
true
the ___ is composed of raw urges, instincts, and desires that are reprehensible and offensive to come into consciousness
id
The_____ operates via the pleasure principle, which is to seek pleasure and avoid pain
id
is the seat of consciousness and deals with our external world.
ego
The _____ operates on the reality principle ascertaining that something is real or unreal.
ego
is the representative of society in our personality, holding our values and morals.
superego
The _____operates in the morality principle (Feist & Feist, 2008).
superego
A leading proponent of organismic theory is this German neuropsychiatrist who worked with brain-injured soldiers during World War I
KURT GOLDSTEIN (1878–1965 CE)
(1878–1965 CE)
KURT GOLDSTEIN (1878–1965 CE)
theory holds that the organism is already an organized system from the very start and that each component cannot be abstracted from the whole in order to understand it.
organismic theory
the theory requires no organizer in the background to put coherence to the different elements.
organismic theory
the organism is in itself the self, according to kurt goldstein. true or false?
true
calls the same self that is in constant pursuit of actualizing inherent potentialities as self-actualization or self-realization.
KURT GOLDSTEIN (1878–1965 CE)
Goldstein calls the same self that is in constant pursuit of actualizing inherent potentialities as_____
self-actualization or self-realization.
The _____view became the springboard of the ideas and writings of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
organismic/holistic
The organismic/holistic view became the springboard of the ideas and writings of ____and ____
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
His philosophical take on the nature of the self reflects a dual structure: the I and Me.
William James (1842–1910
The origins of the concept of self in psychology can be traced back to the ideas of the American philosopher and psychologist
William James (1842–1910
refers to the aspect of the self that actively perceives and thinks, that is aware of one’s experience, and that organizes and interprets these experiences; in other words, it is the subjective part of the self.
The I
is the objective part of the self, the one that is being perceived, the object of one’s attention, thought, and perception (Harter, 1996).
me
Refers to “people’s ideas about who they are and what they are like” (Brown, 1998, p. 2).
me
it is the “sum total of all of what the person considers his or her own” (In Harter, 1996, p. 2).
In William James’s own words
The ____ is the objective quality of the I,
me
subjectively perceives and organizes the qualities of the Me.
I
Three Components of Me
Material, social, and spiriual self
This refers to the physical body of the self, including all other physical materials owned by the self, such as how one looks, with all the physical aspects (short, tall, thin, skin color, shape of face and body). It even includes the clothes and the accessories that one wears, which are part of the material self since it is an expression of who one is.
material self
This self refers to the attributes of the self as ascribed by others (e.g., “she is kind” and “he is generous”). Since different people can describe one person quite differently, there can be “as many social selves as there are individuals who recognize him and carry an image of him in their mind” (James, 1892, p. 190).
social self
There can be multiple social selves. Each self does not even have to be in consonant with each other all the time. It is possible that the selves are harmonious, like when you are the same person with the same qualities shown to others. Also, there is a potential for the different social selves to be contradictory, like when one is rough with others but kind to selected ones. The multiplicity of the social selves may result in conflicts between the different Mes because of the possible different roles that a person may want to adopt during adulthood (James, 1890). One may want to be a villain at one point and yet a hero in another fantasy. One may want to be a strong character but soft in certain situations.
These distinct roles could not possibly coexist at the same time, so it is important that the person can selectively choose which role is active and dominant, suppressing other alternatives.
this is just a note
This comprises the inner thoughts and dispositions or generally the internal frame of mind of a person. It includes one’s consciousness, personality, core values, and conscience. It is the subjective part of the self; it is something that cannot be easily perceived by others.
spiritual self
American psychologist (1902–1987) proposed the notions of real self and ideal self.
Carl Rogers
usually refers to a person’s self-perception; it is what the person really is
real self
is what the person aspires to be. It is commonly considered an idealized version of the self. It is influenced by the person’s significant others, such as parents, friends, and loved ones, and the society in general. It is created out of experiences that include what the person admires in others and what society expects.
ideal self
Discrepancies between the real and ideal selves
The differentiation is _____ (Harter, 1983, 1996). Individuals at the higher developmental levels can maintain various categories of selves. Their ability to make finer distinctions and be able to regulate each version of the self differentiates them from those at the lower developmental level
developmentally influenced
In contrast to the ideal self, _____ include not only the other selves that one hopes for (e.g., being accepted and loved by others, being able to achieve one’s goals) but also those that one does not wish to become (e.g., unemployed, socially ignored).
possible selves
The function of the ____ is to motivate the person to act towards achieving the desired self and to avoid the undesirable one.
opposing selves
While a number of psychologists have recognized the multiplicity nature of the self, others like the American psychologist Gordon Allport (1897–1967) and the academic psychologist Prescott Lecky (1892–1941) believed in a concept of a self that is integrated and unified
just a note
Allport (1955) defines the self as one that “… includes all aspects of personality that make for a sense of inward unity” (p. 38). Likewise, Lecky (1945) presupposes a theory that revolves around the concept of self-consistency wherein people are motivated to maintain the integrity of the self by exerting an effort to preserve the consistency and unity of the self.
just a note
Multiple Selves
Several social psychologists have argued for a concept of self that takes into account the multiple social roles that one individual may play (Gergen, 1968; Mischel, 1973; Vallacher, 1980).
People have different roles depending on the nature of the interpersonal interaction.
These different selves vary as a function of the different social roles in various social contexts. People act differently as they interact with diverse groups of people.
There are many ways of dealing with each type of group, thus requiring different character of selves. This variation depends on the nature of a person’s interpersonal relationship with other individuals, one that is reliant on the person’s role that is relative to others.
Example:
One may project a different self in the company of friends and classmates and shifts to another self in the presence of a teacher. With friends, one takes on the role of a friend; with a teacher, one is taking on the role of a student. Also, one acts in a different manner when interacting with parents, or even differently when talking to one’s father or mother. When one interacts with either of one’s parents, one is taking the role of a son/daughter.
Note: The self then adjusts to different roles, thereby showing various versions of
just a note
Two factors that construct the attributes of self
Cognitive Process
Social Environment
Self has the capability to control and balance the different adaptations of the self. Its active role is reflected in the way the self actively chooses, selects, and controls (Baumeister, 1999).
It often “seeks to exert control over the environment, to initiate action, and to pursue its various goals
cognitive
is not a passive entity, but rather an active agent as it adapts flexibly to certain situations and social interactions.
self
The agent or the executive function is the active aspect of the self. This is essential since it is responsible for exerting control over one’s actions, feelings, and thinking.
just a note
The psychological view features a self that is multifaceted in nature.
One defines the self according to how one constructs an idea of who one is and how one interacts with one’s own environment.
How one defines the self then reflects its various aspects.
Amidst the aggregated nature of self, psychologists believe that one distinct quality of the self is its capacity for choice and control.
The self has the ability to regulate itself, and it can make conscious choices as it adapts to its own surrounding environment.
just a note
has greatly influenced the way individuals behave and view themselves. This is primarily the reason why across cultures, people have different takes on various things.
culture
Cultures who value groups and relationships are____ they are common in Eastern countries like in Asia (Japan, China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Korea, and Indonesia).
collectvistic
cultures who value individual characteristics more are ______like most of the Western countries (USA and European countries).
individualistic
The self-construal can be ______ (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)
independent or interdependent
the _______, the individual is the primary unit of consciousness; its goal is to become independent from others and express one’s unique attributes. The definition of self, therefore, is anchored on the individual’s personal abilities and characteristics. This is evident among individualistic cultures.
independent self
_______sees oneself as being connected with others. It is defined according to how one is socially connected with other people, with important groups, and with social obligations. Relationships with others are very important for those having an interdependent self-construal, and it is best that one maintains good and meaningful relationships with these significant others.
interdependent self
the _________ is characterized according to one’s relationship with close others, like family, friends, or a social group. This kind of self-concept is commonly observed in Eastern societies whose culture is collectivistic in nature.
interdependent self
_________- construal concept simply demonstrates how the self actively responds to the surrounding culture where the self is positioned. Also, it exhibits the adaptability of the self and the dynamic process in which the self constructs itself.
independent/interdependent self
Some Cultural Differences
Way of life
Westerners assert a lot more independence and individualism; they mainly focus on themselves. In contrast, easterners are more community-oriented.
Punctuality
Westerners are particularly and extremely focused on time. On the other hand, easterners are more relaxed in comparison.
Making Contacts
Westerners tend to have very linear relationships with a few people , whereas Easterners tend to have more circular relationships in complex, branched-out relationships that reach across many people/
Anger/Displeasure
When Westerners are unhappy, their emotions can be easily perceived through body language, facial expression , and tone. In Easterners , it’s a little more difficult to tell how someone is feeling. The norm is to hide displeasure, especially in front of superiors. Two people may be arguing when in reality, they are just chatting loudly. In western societies, this loudness is seen as anger.
View of Myself
Westerners think in terms of themselves most importantly. Most Easterners think of themselves as part of a larger sum
Perception of Beauty
In China and even in the Philippines, the whiter your skin, the more beautiful you are. In Western countries, the darker your skin, you are deemed beautiful. In Asia, most beauty products contain a whitening agent for the skin, and women are more likely to cover up on the beach. Meanwhile, in western countries, skin products produce a golden tan, and they are more likely to sun bath at the beach.
Handling Problems
Westerns tend to take the most direct approach. Problem solving in the East is a bit more complex, and it may involve an indirect approach.
Life of the Elderly
Senior in Eastern Societies tend to stay at home to raise the grandchildren. In Western societies, there is more emphasis on independence on how they live their lives. Majority in the Western community are often on their own by their own choice. It is uncommon to hear of parents living with their children.
The Boss
In the East , bosses have greater authority. Subordinates are quick to defer to superiors. A different view prevails in the West. Subordinates & superiors emphasize interdependence and former can contradict the latter.
just notes
_____reflects how adapting to social environments increases the chances of human survival. This evolutionary process involves how one’s identity is established. Human beings are among the millions of living organisms on Earth that constantly evolve in order to survive. The elements of culture are efficient tools for harmonious social interactions and coexistence.
self
refers to a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning and that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another (Bates & Plog, 1990).
culture
is learned, shared, symbolic, integrated, and adaptive (Tylor, 1871).
culture
Concepts about culture
Culture is learned, shared, symbolic, and integrated
Culture is an ongoing event.
Culture is complex.
Culture is a constantly evolving process.
It is instrumental in ensuring human survival through promoting cooperation and imposing punishment or social sanctions for those who violate social rules.
Also, it plays a significant role in transmitting traditions and practices and in recognizing behaviors and innovations that greatly contribute to the betterment of society.
Thus, identities are multifaceted products of cultural adaptation.
They are shaped by not only individual perceptions of the self, but also what ancestors transmitted through generations and the learnings shared in a social environment.
notes under Culture is learned, shared, symbolic, and integrated
In a process called _____, one learns about culture from birth and makes use of it in interacting with others.
enculturation
have the same meaning for people in a group or community.
culture symbol
The image of Sto. Niño is perceived as a symbol of _____, especially by Cebuanos
hope and providence
Its elements, including ideas, experiences, events, facilitate its survival and transmission from generation to generation.
Culture is complex
In a social environment people experience enculturation.
They have beliefs and values that their family members encourage; they observe family customs; and they show behaviors that are acceptable not only to their elders but also to other people like their peers.
Cultural symbols have the same meaning for people in a group or community.
They may be verbal or nonverbal behaviors, sounds, objects, or images. As individuals interact with one another, symbols are produced and learned, and they become significant.
Culture is an ongoing event
It adapts to the social and environmental pressures through time and ensures its transmission to succeeding generations. It serves to bind people and ensure their survival. The social sanctions imposed in one’s culture are a way to ensure that the cultural values are being practiced.
Culture is a constantly evolving process
Through sanctions, the culture is able to adapt, ensuring that the values it endorses are practiced and transmitted.
Human ancestors formed groups to ensure survival. They gave utmost importance to cooperation, which eventually reflected in various cultures. In an anthropological process, individuals identify with a group. Eventually, each one puts an effort to establish a self-identity.
notes under culture is constantly evolving process
_____ in general, has a large influence on the self. Feelings, thoughts, and behaviors are reflections of the culture that encompass others within the environment. The moment one is born, one is influenced by the cultural traditions and practices of parents who are also largely influenced by the broader cultural environment.
One learns from culture how to feel, think, and act.
The more one immerses in the social environment, the more one learns and is influenced by the culture.
Because culture is efficiently transmitted through interaction with groups, one’s own identity is largely connected to the group that shares the same culture.
culture
is the study of social life, social change, and social causes and consequences of human behavior
sociology
enables us to see society as a temporary social product, created by human beings and capable of being changed by them as well.
sociological perspective
Aside from culture, ______ form a huge part of how one establishes an identity.
social interactions
Self is seen through interaction
Charles Horton Cooley:
An American sociologist , in his essay “The Looking-Glass Self” (2010), suggests that individuals see themselves through their interaction with others. A person sees oneself in the feelings, thoughts, and actions of others.
Example: the feedback one hears from friends has a great impact on self-identity.
charles horton cooley
The Self is social
George Herbert Mead:
Members of the society learn and show behaviors that the society deems proper and acceptable.
Example:
Filipino traditional courtship
The man initiates the step for courting whereas the woman waits for the man and engages in delayed responses.
These expectations of what should and what should not be done in different social situations are referred to as norms.
Four types of norms: folkways, mores, taboos, and laws (Andersen & Taylor, 2009).
George Herbert Mead:
These expectations of what should and what should not be done in different social situations are referred to as ____.
norms
refer to day-to-day behaviors that people show in social situations.
Example: Praying before meals is one folkway valued by Filipinos.
folkways
are norms that pertain to morality. Violations of such result in social sanctions.
Example: Respect for older people.
Showing disrespect to elders is considered a wrongful act, and it may lead to disapproval from others.
mores
are more stringent than mores such that mentioning or engaging in such behaviors can elicit extreme negative reaction from others in the society.
Example: terminating pregnancy; polygamy
taboos
are written expectations on how an individual should behave in social situations. This type of norm is enforced by an authority in society.
Example: Not smoking in public is a law recently enforced by the government.
laws
In general, seeing the self through interactions with others and the socially expected feelings, thoughts, and behaviors are sociological factors that influence self-identity. In contrast to the anthropological influence on self-identity, the sociological understanding of the self focuses on how societal expectations influence identity.
just a note under types of norms
the process of the technology-aided widespread of social capital and information across the globe (Held, McGrew, Goldblatt, & Perraton, 2000), has influenced how one establishes self-identity.
globalization
impacts on our identities by enabling us to experience a wider range of material cultures (such as food and music). How we make sense of these global cultural flows will modify on our sense of who we are.
Globalization
promotes and increases interaction with people whose identities maybe rooted in distant places. Our engagement with people who hail from afar will influence how we build and reshape our own identities.
Globalization
This phenomenon influences not only one’s view of the world, but also how one views the self in relation to others. One learns about how others from different countries construe themselves through his or her exposure in social media. In turn, such constant exposure to the web influences how one construes oneself.
information explosion.
(1915–1997) referred to as information explosion.
Orrin Edgar Klapp
The most influential innovation in the 21st century is the ____and how it changes the process of socialization through the social media applications.
internet
Such innovation forces one’s culture to adapt and even change. This is referred to as the _____ (Ogburn, 1966).
adaptive culture
Such innovation forces one’s culture to adapt and even change. This is referred to as the adaptive culture (Ogburn, 1966). Even one’s feelings and thoughts are influenced by the social media
Example:
An experimental study found that the newsfeed in an individual’s Facebook account can influence their mood, such that negative contents facilitate negative mood (Kramer, Guillory, & Hancock, 2014).
JUST A NOTE
is the product not only of how one establishes it but also of one’s interaction; it is not only with proximate people and culture, but also with the globalized world.
SELF
has free will in a sociological process, and it is capable of deliberation. One is in charge of establishing one’s self-identity.
SELF
