UTS-1 MIDTERM

Question 1

____ explained the self from their conceptual understanding of the world since scientific evidence was hard to obtain due to lack of measures

Answer 1

The ancient philosophers

Question 2

_____have incorporated science into their theories in light of the technological advancements they have been exposed to.

Answer 2

contemporary philosophers

Question 3

a Greek philosopher who believed that philosophy had a very important role to play in the lives of the people.

Answer 3

SOCRATES

Question 4

One of his most quoted phrases is, “The unexamined life is not worth living”.

Answer 4

SOCRATES

Question 5

According to ___ self-knowledge, as well as the question about how one ought to live one’s life, are very important concerns because only by knowing your self can you hope to improve your life.

Answer 5

socrates

Question 6

Suggested that the self consists of two dichotomous realms: physical and ideal realms.

Answer 6

Socrates

Question 7

is changeable, transient and imperfect.

Answer 7

physical realm

Question 8

is unchanging, eternal, and immortal.

Answer 8

ideal realm

Question 9

our body belongs to the _____

Answer 9

Physical realm

Question 10

the soul belongs to the____

Answer 10

ideal realm

Question 11

Socrates explains that the essence of the self____ is the immortal entity

Answer 11

the soul

Question 12

suggests that man must live an examined life and a life of purpose and value.

Answer 12

socrates

Question 13

_____is the ultimate virtue

Answer 13

Self-knowledge

Question 14

Self-knowledge is the ultimate viture according to whom?

Answer 14

socrates

Question 15

“The Unexamined Life is not Worth Living” quote of whom?

Answer 15

socrates

Question 16

_____was the student of Socrates who also believed that the self is synonymous with the soul.

Answer 16

Plato

Question 17

he introduced the idea of a three-part soul: reason, physical appetite and spirit or passion.

Answer 17

Plato

Question 18

The Self is an Immortal Soul–quote of whom?

Answer 18

plato

Question 19

is the divine essence that enables us to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths

Answer 19

reason

Question 20

includes our basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire.

Answer 20

physical appetite

Question 21

includes the basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and empathy

Answer 21

spirit or passion

Question 22

believes it is the responsibility of Reason to sort things out and exert control, restoring a harmonious relationship among the three elements of our selves.

Answer 22

Plato

Question 23

responsibility of ____to sort things out and exert control, restoring a harmonious relationship among the three elements of our selves.

Answer 23

reason

Question 24

believes that the soul is merely a set of defining features and does not consider the body and soul as separate entities.

Answer 24

Aristotle

Question 25

He suggest that anything with life has a soul.

Answer 25

aristotle

Question 26

His discussion about the self centers on the kinds of soul possessed by man

Answer 26

aristotle

Question 27

he introduces the three kinds of soul: vegetative, sentient, and rational.

Answer 27

aristotle

Question 28

____ includes the physical body that can grow

Answer 28

vegetative soul

Question 29

includes sensual desires, feelings, and emotions.

Answer 29

sentient soul

Question 30

is what makes man human.

Answer 30

rational soul

Question 31

suggests that the rational nature of the self is to lead a good, flourishing, and fulfilling life (self-actualization)

Answer 31

aristotle

Question 32

he posits that part of the rational soul is characterized by moral virtues such as justice and courage.

Answer 32

aristotle

Question 33

The Soul is the Essence of the Self

Answer 33

aristotle

Question 34

The Self Has an Immortal Soul

Answer 34

augustine

Question 35

(354 – 430 CE) is one of the greatest Christian philosophers of all time.

Answer 35

st. augustine

Question 36

shares the view that the soul is not only different from the body, but it is also superior to it

Answer 36

st. augustine

Question 37

As a Christian philosopher, he asserts the need for the soul to achieve unity with God through faith as well as reason (Chaffee, 2016).

Answer 37

st.augustine

Question 38

the self is created in the image and likeness of God. Since God is good, everything He created is good. Thus, the self is intrinsically good because it is the creation of a good God.

Answer 38

St. augustine

Question 39

____ is known only through knowing God Augustine espouses the significance of reflection, as well as the importance of prayers and confessions to arrive at a justification for the existence of God

Answer 39

the self

Question 40

“knowledge can only come by seeing the truth that dwells within us.”

Answer 40

st. augustine

Question 41

according to whom___the goal of the self is to know its Creator by seeking to be united with God through faith and reason.

Answer 41

st. augustine

Question 42

The soul is what makes us humans

Answer 42

thomas aquinas

Question 43

(1225–1274 CE) rose to prominence in his contributions to philosophy and religion.

Answer 43

thomas aquinas

Question 44

______’s position follows that of Aristotle where he argues that all living things possess a soul.

Answer 44

thomas aquinas

Question 45

For human beings, the person emerges from the body and the soul. In other words, the person is both body and soul.

Answer 45

thomas aquinas

Question 46

He claims that all our self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world around us.

Answer 46

thomas aquinas

Question 47

we don’t encounter ourselves as isolated minds or selves, but rather always as agents interacting with our environment.

Answer 47

thomas aquinas

Question 48

argues that our awareness of ourselves is triggered and shaped by our experiences of objects in our environment.

Answer 48

thomas aquinas

Question 49

I think therefore I am in latin

Answer 49

Cogito ergo sum

Question 50

Cogito ergo sum in english

Answer 50

I think before I am

Question 51

“_______” is the keystone of Descartes’ concept of self

Answer 51

I think before I am

Question 52

For him, the act of thinking about the self— of being self—conscious—is in itself proof that there is a self.

Answer 52

rene descartes

Question 53

This is the essence of the human self—a thinking entity that doubts, understands, analyzes, questions, and reasons.

Answer 53

rene descartes

Question 54

asserts the need to doubt all things one has been taught without question as a crucial condition in arriving at clear and reasonable conclusions.

Answer 54

rene descartes

Question 55

He then endorses to the person to ask whether he or she could hold to the conclusions arrived at without doubt and not to take anything as true unless it is clearly evident

Answer 55

rene descartes (1952)

Question 56

is important in order to know what one is certain. It is the right way to start when it comes to building a system of beliefs.

Answer 56

the need to doubt

Question 57

puts primacy to one’s capacity to think

Answer 57

rene descartes

Question 58

is the key to why one holds a personal identity and a sense of selfhood.

Answer 58

Being conscious of self

Question 59

Without_______, one cannot gain any idea of personal identity; in other words, one cannot have a sense of self (Chaffee, 2016).

Answer 59

the ability to be conscious of self or to be aware of self

Question 60

The Self is Consciousness

Answer 60

john locke

Question 61

English philosopher (1632–1704 CE) posits the primacy of sense experience in acquiring knowledge and that only through careful focus on sense experience, one can judge the accuracy of our conclusions (Chaffee, 2016).

Answer 61

John Locke

Question 62

argues that understanding the self begins with understanding what is meant to be a person, an individual who can reason and reflect.

Answer 62

John Locke

Question 63

idea of self is founded on consciousness and not on the substance such as the soul or body.

Answer 63

John Locke

Question 64

blank state in other words

Answer 64

tabula rasa

Question 65

He feels that the self, or personal identity, is constructed primarily from sense experiences—or more specifically, what people see, hear, smell, taste, and feel.

Answer 65

john locke

Question 66

_______are the keys to understanding the self. according to john locke

Answer 66

Conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences

Question 67

believes that the essence of the self is its conscious awareness of itself as a thinking, reasoning, and reflecting identity.

Answer 67

john locke

Question 68

is necessary to have a coherent personal (self) identity or knowledge of the self as a person. according to john locke

Answer 68

Self-consciousness

Question 69

Scottish philosopher(1711–1776 CE) hypothesized that there is absence of the self.

Answer 69

David Hume

Question 70

The idea of ______ is a result of imagination. according to david hume

Answer 70

personal identity

Question 71

the idea of personal identity is a result of _____ according to david hume

Answer 71

imagination

Question 72

believed that any idea must be derived from an impression and argues that when we are self-conscious we are only aware of fleeting thoughts, feelings, and perceptions; we do not have an impression of the self.

Answer 72

david hume

Question 73

Hume maintains that if people carefully examine the contents of their experience, they will find that there are only distinct entities:

Answer 73

impressions and ideas.

Question 74

are the basic constituents of an experience upon which ideas are derived.

Answer 74

impressions

Question 75

Impressions are the basic sensations of people’s experience such as hate, love, joy, grief, pain, cold, and heat.

Answer 75

impressions

Question 76

are vivid perceptions and are strong and lively.

Answer 76

impressions

Question 77

are thoughts and images from impressions so they are less lively and vivid.

Answer 77

ideas

Question 78

He further argues that no impressions persist for they (impressions) are always in constant motion and flux. One cannot find a sensation (impression) of a “constant self” that makes up one’s identity simply because impressions are fleeting.

Answer 78

david humes

Question 79

concludes that because one cannot find a self in these changing sensations, perhaps the self does not exist (Chaffee, 2016).

Answer 79

david humes

Question 80

There is No Self

Answer 80

david humes

Question 81

One of the greatest thinkers of modern philosophy

Answer 81

IMMANUEL KANT

Question 82

worked to synthesize what seemingly were different perspectives in the acquisition of knowledge: experience and reason (Chaffee, 2016)

Answer 82

IMMANUEL KANT

Question 83

it is the self that makes experiencing an intelligible world possible because it is the self that is actively organizing and synthesizing all of our thoughts and perceptions.

Answer 83

IMMANUEL KANT

Question 84

We Construct the Self

Answer 84

IMMANUEL KANT

Question 85

It is the self that makes experiencing an understandable world possible because it is the self that is actively organizing all our thoughts and perceptions.

Answer 85

IMMANUEL KANT

Question 86

the self constructs its own reality creating a world that is familiar and predictable, and most significantly, mine.

Answer 86

IMMANUEL KANT

Question 87

is the product of reason, a regulative principle,

Answer 87

self

Question 88

through____the self transcends sense experience because the mind can grasp aspects of reality which are not limited to the senses.

Answer 88

rationality

Question 89

Through _____ people are able to understand certain abstract ideas that have no corresponding physical object or sensory experience.

Answer 89

rationality

Question 90

The Self is Multilayered

Answer 90

sigmund freud

Question 91

is one of the greatest psychologists of all time.

Answer 91

sigmund freud

Question 92

He is not a philosopher, but his views on the nature of the self have a far-reaching impact on philosophical thinking, as well as other disciplines such as psychology and sociology.

Answer 92

sigmund freud

Question 93

the mind is made up of three mental states.

Answer 93

sigmund freud

Question 94

_____ is that which one is aware of, including thoughts, feelings, intentions, and perceptions, at any given moment in time.

Answer 94

conscious

Question 95

______refers to the mental states that one is not aware of at any given moment.

Answer 95

unconscious

Question 96

_____refers to material that may not be accessible to one’s conscious experience at the moment, but it can easily be retrieved to consciousness.

Answer 96

preconscious

Question 97

Freud asserts the primacy of the unconscious in explaining one’s behavior, while the conscious mind plays a lesser role. true or false

Answer 97

true

Question 98

is one of the first psychologists to look into the study of personality: the dynamic organization of all that is psychological and physical about the person, which in turn determines the person’s unique adjustment to the environment. In a sense, personality refers to how the self is manifested.

Answer 98

sigmund freud

Question 99

three structures of personality. true of false

Answer 99

true

Question 100

the ___ is composed of raw urges, instincts, and desires that are reprehensible and offensive to come into consciousness

Answer 100

id

Question 101

The_____ operates via the pleasure principle, which is to seek pleasure and avoid pain

Answer 101

id

Question 102

is the seat of consciousness and deals with our external world.

Answer 102

ego

Question 103

The _____ operates on the reality principle ascertaining that something is real or unreal.

Answer 103

ego

Question 104

is the representative of society in our personality, holding our values and morals.

Answer 104

superego

Question 105

The _____operates in the morality principle (Feist & Feist, 2008).

Answer 105

superego

Question 106

A leading proponent of organismic theory is this German neuropsychiatrist who worked with brain-injured soldiers during World War I

Answer 106

KURT GOLDSTEIN (1878–1965 CE)

Question 107

(1878–1965 CE)

Answer 107

KURT GOLDSTEIN (1878–1965 CE)

Question 108

theory holds that the organism is already an organized system from the very start and that each component cannot be abstracted from the whole in order to understand it.

Answer 108

organismic theory

Question 109

the theory requires no organizer in the background to put coherence to the different elements.

Answer 109

organismic theory

Question 110

the organism is in itself the self, according to kurt goldstein. true or false?

Answer 110

true

Question 111

calls the same self that is in constant pursuit of actualizing inherent potentialities as self-actualization or self-realization.

Answer 111

KURT GOLDSTEIN (1878–1965 CE)

Question 112

Goldstein calls the same self that is in constant pursuit of actualizing inherent potentialities as_____

Answer 112

self-actualization or self-realization.

Question 113

The _____view became the springboard of the ideas and writings of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

Answer 113

organismic/holistic

Question 114

The organismic/holistic view became the springboard of the ideas and writings of ____and ____

Answer 114

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

Question 115

His philosophical take on the nature of the self reflects a dual structure: the I and Me.

Answer 115

William James (1842–1910

Question 116

The origins of the concept of self in psychology can be traced back to the ideas of the American philosopher and psychologist

Answer 116

William James (1842–1910

Question 117

refers to the aspect of the self that actively perceives and thinks, that is aware of one’s experience, and that organizes and interprets these experiences; in other words, it is the subjective part of the self.

Answer 117

The I

Question 118

is the objective part of the self, the one that is being perceived, the object of one’s attention, thought, and perception (Harter, 1996).

Answer 118

me

Question 119

Refers to “people’s ideas about who they are and what they are like” (Brown, 1998, p. 2).

Answer 119

me

Question 120

it is the “sum total of all of what the person considers his or her own” (In Harter, 1996, p. 2).

Answer 120

In William James’s own words

Question 121

The ____ is the objective quality of the I,

Answer 121

me

Question 122

subjectively perceives and organizes the qualities of the Me.

Answer 122

I

Question 123

Three Components of Me

Answer 123

Material, social, and spiriual self

Question 124

This refers to the physical body of the self, including all other physical materials owned by the self, such as how one looks, with all the physical aspects (short, tall, thin, skin color, shape of face and body). It even includes the clothes and the accessories that one wears, which are part of the material self since it is an expression of who one is.

Answer 124

material self

Question 125

This self refers to the attributes of the self as ascribed by others (e.g., “she is kind” and “he is generous”). Since different people can describe one person quite differently, there can be “as many social selves as there are individuals who recognize him and carry an image of him in their mind” (James, 1892, p. 190).

Answer 125

social self

Question 126

There can be multiple social selves. Each self does not even have to be in consonant with each other all the time. It is possible that the selves are harmonious, like when you are the same person with the same qualities shown to others. Also, there is a potential for the different social selves to be contradictory, like when one is rough with others but kind to selected ones. The multiplicity of the social selves may result in conflicts between the different Mes because of the possible different roles that a person may want to adopt during adulthood (James, 1890). One may want to be a villain at one point and yet a hero in another fantasy. One may want to be a strong character but soft in certain situations.

These distinct roles could not possibly coexist at the same time, so it is important that the person can selectively choose which role is active and dominant, suppressing other alternatives.

Answer 126

this is just a note

Question 127

This comprises the inner thoughts and dispositions or generally the internal frame of mind of a person. It includes one’s consciousness, personality, core values, and conscience. It is the subjective part of the self; it is something that cannot be easily perceived by others.

Answer 127

spiritual self

Question 128

American psychologist (1902–1987) proposed the notions of real self and ideal self.

Answer 128

Carl Rogers

Question 129

usually refers to a person’s self-perception; it is what the person really is

Answer 129

real self

Question 130

is what the person aspires to be. It is commonly considered an idealized version of the self. It is influenced by the person’s significant others, such as parents, friends, and loved ones, and the society in general. It is created out of experiences that include what the person admires in others and what society expects.

Answer 130

ideal self

Question 131

Discrepancies between the real and ideal selves

The differentiation is _____ (Harter, 1983, 1996). Individuals at the higher developmental levels can maintain various categories of selves. Their ability to make finer distinctions and be able to regulate each version of the self differentiates them from those at the lower developmental level

Answer 131

developmentally influenced

Question 132

In contrast to the ideal self, _____ include not only the other selves that one hopes for (e.g., being accepted and loved by others, being able to achieve one’s goals) but also those that one does not wish to become (e.g., unemployed, socially ignored).

Answer 132

possible selves

Question 133

The function of the ____ is to motivate the person to act towards achieving the desired self and to avoid the undesirable one.

Answer 133

opposing selves

Question 134

While a number of psychologists have recognized the multiplicity nature of the self, others like the American psychologist Gordon Allport (1897–1967) and the academic psychologist Prescott Lecky (1892–1941) believed in a concept of a self that is integrated and unified

Answer 134

just a note

Question 135

Allport (1955) defines the self as one that “… includes all aspects of personality that make for a sense of inward unity” (p. 38). Likewise, Lecky (1945) presupposes a theory that revolves around the concept of self-consistency wherein people are motivated to maintain the integrity of the self by exerting an effort to preserve the consistency and unity of the self.

Answer 135

just a note

Question 136

Multiple Selves

Several social psychologists have argued for a concept of self that takes into account the multiple social roles that one individual may play (Gergen, 1968; Mischel, 1973; Vallacher, 1980).

People have different roles depending on the nature of the interpersonal interaction.

These different selves vary as a function of the different social roles in various social contexts. People act differently as they interact with diverse groups of people.

There are many ways of dealing with each type of group, thus requiring different character of selves. This variation depends on the nature of a person’s interpersonal relationship with other individuals, one that is reliant on the person’s role that is relative to others.

Example:

One may project a different self in the company of friends and classmates and shifts to another self in the presence of a teacher. With friends, one takes on the role of a friend; with a teacher, one is taking on the role of a student. Also, one acts in a different manner when interacting with parents, or even differently when talking to one’s father or mother. When one interacts with either of one’s parents, one is taking the role of a son/daughter.

Note: The self then adjusts to different roles, thereby showing various versions of

Answer 136

just a note

Question 137

Two factors that construct the attributes of self

Answer 137

Cognitive Process
Social Environment

Question 138

Self has the capability to control and balance the different adaptations of the self. Its active role is reflected in the way the self actively chooses, selects, and controls (Baumeister, 1999).
It often “seeks to exert control over the environment, to initiate action, and to pursue its various goals

Answer 138

cognitive

Question 139

is not a passive entity, but rather an active agent as it adapts flexibly to certain situations and social interactions.

Answer 139

self

Question 140

The agent or the executive function is the active aspect of the self. This is essential since it is responsible for exerting control over one’s actions, feelings, and thinking.

Answer 140

just a note

Question 141

The psychological view features a self that is multifaceted in nature.

One defines the self according to how one constructs an idea of who one is and how one interacts with one’s own environment.

How one defines the self then reflects its various aspects.

Amidst the aggregated nature of self, psychologists believe that one distinct quality of the self is its capacity for choice and control.

The self has the ability to regulate itself, and it can make conscious choices as it adapts to its own surrounding environment.

Answer 141

just a note

Question 142

has greatly influenced the way individuals behave and view themselves. This is primarily the reason why across cultures, people have different takes on various things.

Answer 142

culture

Question 143

Cultures who value groups and relationships are____ they are common in Eastern countries like in Asia (Japan, China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Korea, and Indonesia).

Answer 143

collectvistic

Question 144

cultures who value individual characteristics more are ______like most of the Western countries (USA and European countries).

Answer 144

individualistic

Question 145

The self-construal can be ______ (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

Answer 145

independent or interdependent

Question 146

the _______, the individual is the primary unit of consciousness; its goal is to become independent from others and express one’s unique attributes. The definition of self, therefore, is anchored on the individual’s personal abilities and characteristics. This is evident among individualistic cultures.

Answer 146

independent self

Question 147

_______sees oneself as being connected with others. It is defined according to how one is socially connected with other people, with important groups, and with social obligations. Relationships with others are very important for those having an interdependent self-construal, and it is best that one maintains good and meaningful relationships with these significant others.

Answer 147

interdependent self

Question 148

the _________ is characterized according to one’s relationship with close others, like family, friends, or a social group. This kind of self-concept is commonly observed in Eastern societies whose culture is collectivistic in nature.

Answer 148

interdependent self

Question 149

_________- construal concept simply demonstrates how the self actively responds to the surrounding culture where the self is positioned. Also, it exhibits the adaptability of the self and the dynamic process in which the self constructs itself.

Answer 149

independent/interdependent self

Question 150

Some Cultural Differences

Way of life

Westerners assert a lot more independence and individualism; they mainly focus on themselves. In contrast, easterners are more community-oriented.

Punctuality

Westerners are particularly and extremely focused on time. On the other hand, easterners are more relaxed in comparison.

Making Contacts

Westerners tend to have very linear relationships with a few people , whereas Easterners tend to have more circular relationships in complex, branched-out relationships that reach across many people/

Anger/Displeasure

When Westerners are unhappy, their emotions can be easily perceived through body language, facial expression , and tone. In Easterners , it’s a little more difficult to tell how someone is feeling. The norm is to hide displeasure, especially in front of superiors. Two people may be arguing when in reality, they are just chatting loudly. In western societies, this loudness is seen as anger.

View of Myself

Westerners think in terms of themselves most importantly. Most Easterners think of themselves as part of a larger sum

Perception of Beauty

In China and even in the Philippines, the whiter your skin, the more beautiful you are. In Western countries, the darker your skin, you are deemed beautiful. In Asia, most beauty products contain a whitening agent for the skin, and women are more likely to cover up on the beach. Meanwhile, in western countries, skin products produce a golden tan, and they are more likely to sun bath at the beach.

Handling Problems

Westerns tend to take the most direct approach. Problem solving in the East is a bit more complex, and it may involve an indirect approach.

Life of the Elderly

Senior in Eastern Societies tend to stay at home to raise the grandchildren. In Western societies, there is more emphasis on independence on how they live their lives. Majority in the Western community are often on their own by their own choice. It is uncommon to hear of parents living with their children.

The Boss

In the East , bosses have greater authority. Subordinates are quick to defer to superiors. A different view prevails in the West. Subordinates & superiors emphasize interdependence and former can contradict the latter.

Answer 150

just notes

Question 151

_____reflects how adapting to social environments increases the chances of human survival. This evolutionary process involves how one’s identity is established. Human beings are among the millions of living organisms on Earth that constantly evolve in order to survive. The elements of culture are efficient tools for harmonious social interactions and coexistence.

Answer 151

self

Question 152

refers to a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning and that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another (Bates & Plog, 1990).

Answer 152

culture

Question 153

is learned, shared, symbolic, integrated, and adaptive (Tylor, 1871).

Answer 153

culture

Question 154

Concepts about culture

Answer 154

Culture is learned, shared, symbolic, and integrated

Culture is an ongoing event.

Culture is complex.

Culture is a constantly evolving process.

Question 155

It is instrumental in ensuring human survival through promoting cooperation and imposing punishment or social sanctions for those who violate social rules.

Also, it plays a significant role in transmitting traditions and practices and in recognizing behaviors and innovations that greatly contribute to the betterment of society.

Thus, identities are multifaceted products of cultural adaptation.

They are shaped by not only individual perceptions of the self, but also what ancestors transmitted through generations and the learnings shared in a social environment.

Answer 155

notes under Culture is learned, shared, symbolic, and integrated

Question 156

In a process called _____, one learns about culture from birth and makes use of it in interacting with others.

Answer 156

enculturation

Question 157

have the same meaning for people in a group or community.

Answer 157

culture symbol

Question 158

The image of Sto. Niño is perceived as a symbol of _____, especially by Cebuanos

Answer 158

hope and providence

Question 159

Its elements, including ideas, experiences, events, facilitate its survival and transmission from generation to generation.

Answer 159

Culture is complex

Question 160

In a social environment people experience enculturation.

They have beliefs and values that their family members encourage; they observe family customs; and they show behaviors that are acceptable not only to their elders but also to other people like their peers.

Cultural symbols have the same meaning for people in a group or community.

They may be verbal or nonverbal behaviors, sounds, objects, or images. As individuals interact with one another, symbols are produced and learned, and they become significant.

Answer 160

Culture is an ongoing event

Question 161

It adapts to the social and environmental pressures through time and ensures its transmission to succeeding generations. It serves to bind people and ensure their survival. The social sanctions imposed in one’s culture are a way to ensure that the cultural values are being practiced.

Answer 161

Culture is a constantly evolving process

Question 162

Through sanctions, the culture is able to adapt, ensuring that the values it endorses are practiced and transmitted.

Human ancestors formed groups to ensure survival. They gave utmost importance to cooperation, which eventually reflected in various cultures. In an anthropological process, individuals identify with a group. Eventually, each one puts an effort to establish a self-identity.

Answer 162

notes under culture is constantly evolving process

Question 163

_____ in general, has a large influence on the self. Feelings, thoughts, and behaviors are reflections of the culture that encompass others within the environment. The moment one is born, one is influenced by the cultural traditions and practices of parents who are also largely influenced by the broader cultural environment.

One learns from culture how to feel, think, and act.

The more one immerses in the social environment, the more one learns and is influenced by the culture.

Because culture is efficiently transmitted through interaction with groups, one’s own identity is largely connected to the group that shares the same culture.

Answer 163

culture

Question 164

is the study of social life, social change, and social causes and consequences of human behavior

Answer 164

sociology

Question 165

enables us to see society as a temporary social product, created by human beings and capable of being changed by them as well.

Answer 165

sociological perspective

Question 166

Aside from culture, ______ form a huge part of how one establishes an identity.

Answer 166

social interactions

Question 167

Self is seen through interaction

Answer 167

Charles Horton Cooley:

Question 168

An American sociologist , in his essay “The Looking-Glass Self” (2010), suggests that individuals see themselves through their interaction with others. A person sees oneself in the feelings, thoughts, and actions of others.

Example: the feedback one hears from friends has a great impact on self-identity.

Answer 168

charles horton cooley

Question 169

The Self is social

Answer 169

George Herbert Mead:

Question 170

Members of the society learn and show behaviors that the society deems proper and acceptable.

Example:

Filipino traditional courtship

The man initiates the step for courting whereas the woman waits for the man and engages in delayed responses.

These expectations of what should and what should not be done in different social situations are referred to as norms.

Four types of norms: folkways, mores, taboos, and laws (Andersen & Taylor, 2009).

Answer 170

George Herbert Mead:

Question 171

These expectations of what should and what should not be done in different social situations are referred to as ____.

Answer 171

norms

Question 172

refer to day-to-day behaviors that people show in social situations.

Example: Praying before meals is one folkway valued by Filipinos.

Answer 172

folkways

Question 173

are norms that pertain to morality. Violations of such result in social sanctions.

Example: Respect for older people.

  Showing disrespect to elders is considered a wrongful act, and it may lead to disapproval from others.

Answer 173

mores

Question 174

are more stringent than mores such that mentioning or engaging in such behaviors can elicit extreme negative reaction from others in the society.

Example: terminating pregnancy; polygamy

Answer 174

taboos

Question 175

are written expectations on how an individual should behave in social situations. This type of norm is enforced by an authority in society.

Example: Not smoking in public is a law recently enforced by the government.

Answer 175

laws

Question 176

In general, seeing the self through interactions with others and the socially expected feelings, thoughts, and behaviors are sociological factors that influence self-identity. In contrast to the anthropological influence on self-identity, the sociological understanding of the self focuses on how societal expectations influence identity.

Answer 176

just a note under types of norms

Question 177

the process of the technology-aided widespread of social capital and information across the globe (Held, McGrew, Goldblatt, & Perraton, 2000), has influenced how one establishes self-identity.

Answer 177

globalization

Question 178

impacts on our identities by enabling us to experience a wider range of material cultures (such as food and music). How we make sense of these global cultural flows will modify on our sense of who we are.

Answer 178

Globalization

Question 179

promotes and increases interaction with people whose identities maybe rooted in distant places. Our engagement with people who hail from afar will influence how we build and reshape our own identities.

Answer 179

Globalization

Question 180

This phenomenon influences not only one’s view of the world, but also how one views the self in relation to others. One learns about how others from different countries construe themselves through his or her exposure in social media. In turn, such constant exposure to the web influences how one construes oneself.

Answer 180

information explosion.

Question 181

(1915–1997) referred to as information explosion.

Answer 181

Orrin Edgar Klapp

Question 182

The most influential innovation in the 21st century is the ____and how it changes the process of socialization through the social media applications.

Answer 182

internet

Question 183

Such innovation forces one’s culture to adapt and even change. This is referred to as the _____ (Ogburn, 1966).

Answer 183

adaptive culture

Question 184

Such innovation forces one’s culture to adapt and even change. This is referred to as the adaptive culture (Ogburn, 1966). Even one’s feelings and thoughts are influenced by the social media

Example:

An experimental study found that the newsfeed in an individual’s Facebook account can influence their mood, such that negative contents facilitate negative mood (Kramer, Guillory, & Hancock, 2014).

Answer 184

JUST A NOTE

Question 185

is the product not only of how one establishes it but also of one’s interaction; it is not only with proximate people and culture, but also with the globalized world.

Answer 185

SELF

Question 186

has free will in a sociological process, and it is capable of deliberation. One is in charge of establishing one’s self-identity.

Answer 186

SELF