UTIs Flashcards
anatomical structure of upper urinary tract
kidneys and ureters
anatomical structure of lower urinary tract
bladder and urethra
inflammation of the urethra most frequently associated with UTI’s
Urethritis
in males a purulent discharge is normally seen with an STD
what is Urethritis
in females: may be asymptomatic or may have vague “UTI-like” symptom
what is Urethritis
painful or difficult urination
what is dysuria
infection of the renal parenchyma, calices and pelvis
what is Pyelonephritis
not a true UTI inflammation of the prostate: both infectious and non-
infectious causes
what is Prostatitis
why can Prostatitis lead to hydronephrosis
as the bladder is unable to empty properly, urine is pushed up into the ureter(s) and kidneys
UTI caused by yeasts Mycobacterium species, Salmonella spp, Leptospira spp or S. aureus usually indicates
pylonephritis acquired by the descending rout
most common cause of hospital acquired UTI’s
for both sexes
instrumentation (eg., cystoscopy, catheterization
once in the urinary tract,
is able to facilitate adherence to mucosal cells
Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella spp.
hydrolyzes urea –alkalinizes the urine, which predisposes stone formation-leads to kidney cell damage
Proteus mirabilis
-adheres to uroepithelial •isolated from young females •responds well to treatment •novobiocin disk used to screen CoNS urine isolates •very white colony, described as yeast-like in appearance
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
- common in older males
- associated with complicated UTIs: UT manipulation, instrumentation or prostatic hypertrophy
Enterococcus spp
- females < 50 yrs and in diabetic patients
-as common as other uropathogens BUT,
also normal flora/contaminant from the vagina or rectum
Group B Streptococcus spp
org associated with instrumentation procedures, contaminated solutions
Pseudomonas spp
- ECU(Extended Care Units), elderly patients
- add a CNA plate to the routine set up on catheterized in-patients > 60 yrs to help find Gram positive
Proteus spp
20% of nosocomial UTI’s
Coagulase negative staphylococci
- rare uro-pathogen
- generally associated with sepsis
Staphylococcus aureus
-if encapsulated will appear mucoid on BAP. urea+, caffeic acid +
-common in HIV patients
-spherical, irregularly sized
organisms
-capsule visible as a
halo in a wet mount
Cryptococcus neoformans
- long, slender, helically curved spirochete
- zoonotic infection
- invades bloodstream causing systemic infection
Leptospira spp
-an obligate intracellular bacteria
-usually due to STD but
causes urethritis
-mostly molecular detection
methods are used today
-older testing: direct
fluorescent Ab, ELISA
methods and cell culture
Chlamydia trachomatis
- organism has no cell wall, sterols in membrane
- can be an STD
- slow growing 5 –7 days
- microscopic scanning of plates (10X) for distinct colony form
Ureaplasma urealyticum
-pinpoint at 16-18 hrs, may mimic yeast macroscopically -
>wet prep helps
-clinically significant if ↑WBCs,
is pure or predominant organism,present in a
significant amount
Corynebacterium urealyticum
