Utilitarianism Flashcards
Define the term ‘utility’ as used by Bentham in utilitarianism.
Utility refers to the property in any object that tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness.
What is the Utility Principle in classical utilitarianism?
an action is right if it maximizes happiness.
How does Bentham define happiness in the context of utilitarianism?
Bentham defines happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain, encompassing various forms of pleasure including sensory pleasures and the joy of exercising skills.
What role do pain and pleasure play in Bentham’s view of human nature?
Bentham suggests that human actions are ultimately driven by a desire for pleasure and an aversion to pain, which he describes as being governed by two sovereign masters.
What is act utilitarianism?
Act utilitarianism is the view that we should apply the utility principle to determine the right action in any given situation.
Identify the seven factors of Bentham’s hedonic calculus.
The seven factors of Bentham’s hedonic calculus are Intensity, Duration, Certainty, Remoteness, Fecundity, Purity, and Extent.
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What challenges exist with act utilitarianism and the hedonic calculus?
Challenges with act utilitarianism and the hedonic calculus include difficulties in accurately calculating the happiness produced by actions and potential moral dilemmas arising from prioritizing overall happiness.
How does Mill’s view of hedonism differ from Bentham’s?
Mill’s view of hedonism incorporates both quantitative and qualitative aspects, whereas Bentham’s hedonism is purely quantitative.
What criticism did Mill acknowledge regarding utilitarianism’s hedonism?
Mill acknowledged the criticism that utilitarianism, through its hedonism, could promote a life that is only worthy of swine, suggesting a need for a more refined understanding of pleasure.
Discuss the potential criticism of Mill’s view on higher pleasures being elitist.
Critics argue that Mill’s higher pleasures reflect his personal preferences, suggesting elitism. However, Mill’s egalitarian stance advocates for equal opportunities for education and enjoyment of intellectual pleasures.
