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Ethics > Utilitarianism > Flashcards

Utilitarianism Flashcards

1
Q

Consequences and happiness as base of morality

A

Utilitarianism

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2
Q

Stated that happiness is a balance of pleasure over pain

A

Jeremy Bentham

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3
Q

Where and when was Jeremy Bentham born

A

Houndsditch, London, England
1748

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4
Q

What age did Jeremy Bentham started studying at Westminster school, and has already learned Latin and Greek

A

4

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5
Q

What age did Bentham fo to college

A

12

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6
Q

Utilitarianism asserts that the morality of action is determined by what

A

Calculating amount of happiness it produces

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7
Q

What ought a person do based on utilitarianism

A

Ought to act so as to produce the best consequences possible

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8
Q

How is the greater happiness achieved

A

Reducing amount of pain and suffering

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9
Q

How are actions right or wrong in utilitarianism

A

Right = happiness
Wrong = pain

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10
Q

What did Bentham claim regarding what the legislators should look first

A

Happiness of the individual

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11
Q

What is the object of all legislation according to Utilitarianism

A

Greatest happiness of the greatest number

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12
Q

States that actions are right if they produce happiness, and wrong if they produce its opposite: pain or unhappiness

A

Principle of Utility

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13
Q

What are the two sovereign motives that govern mankind according to Bentham

A
  • pain
  • pleasure
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14
Q

What was deduced from the principle of utility regarding punishment

A

Ought only to be used “so far as it promises to exclude some greater evil”

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15
Q

Meant property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness, to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil, or unhappiness

A

Utility

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16
Q

What criterion is happiness for, according to Bentham

A

Ultimate criterion of morality

17
Q
  • founder of Epicureanism
  • believes that the good life consists in the life of pleasure, a life free from any form of physical and bodily pain
A

Epicurus

18
Q

Epicurus is the founder of __

A

Epicureanism

19
Q

Claims that happiness or what he calls, eudaimonia is the ultimate end of our actions

A

Aristotle

20
Q

What does Aristotle call happiness

A

Eudaimonia

21
Q

Believes that when we act, we do so sith the hope that it will make us happy

A

Socrates

22
Q

The ancient philosophers and Bentham regard happiness as what

A

Intrinsic human desire

23
Q

When do we allow to experience pain according to Utilitarianism

A

With hope thay they will produce greater happiness

24
Q

Used to evaluate how much pleasure or pain would be caused by an action

A

hedonistic calculus

25
Q

Hedonistic Calculus

A
  1. Intensity
  2. Duration
  3. Certainty or uncertainty
  4. Propinquity
  5. Fecundity
  6. Purity
  7. Extent
26
Q
  • Some actions bring more intense pleasure than others
  • the more intense the action, the better it is
A

Intensity

27
Q
  • Some happiness are fleeting while some are longer lasting
  • the longer the happiness lasts, the better it is
A

Duration

28
Q
  • we wouldn’t rather choose the action that will certainly make us happy
  • the certain we are that an action is likely to produce happiness, the better it is
A

Certainty or uncertainty

29
Q
  • if number of people who will become happy is greater than the people who will become unhappy, then the action is good
A

Extent

30
Q
  • How immediate is the sensation
  • closeness
A

Propinquity

31
Q

Likelihood that the pleasure or pain will be followed by more pleasures or pains

A

Fecundity

32
Q

Pleasure that is mixed with pain is not as good as one that just pleasure

A

Purity

33
Q

Puts emphasis on calculating the result of each possible action in a particular situation

A

Classic act-utilitarianism

34
Q

Based on ___, one makes a judgement based on the possible results of particular actions, which differ according to the set of circumstances that surround it

A

Act-utilitarianism

35
Q

First objection of utilitarianism

A
  • It would require us to sacrifice our own happiness for the sake of the happiness of the greater number of people
  • if everyone sacrificef her own happiness, it would lead to greater unhappiness
36
Q

Second objection of utilitarianism

A

Fails to condemn perverse pleasures

37
Q

Perverse pleasures

A

Intrinsically wrong and morally objectionable

38
Q

Third objection of utilitarianism

A
  • “the end justifies the means” principle
  • an intrinsically wrong may be morally justified and right
39
Q

Fourth objection of utilitarianism

A
  • Violation of human rights
  • as long as the “end” produces greater benefits

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