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Obstetrics and Gynaecology > Uterine Pathology > Flashcards

Uterine Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cause of congenital uterine abnormalities?

A

Failure of paramesonephric (mullerian) duct fusion

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2
Q

What problems are associated with congenital uterine abnormalities?

A

Infertility and obstetric problems

Missed neoplasm

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3
Q

When is the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

Day 1-14

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4
Q

What hormone is associated with the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

oestrogen

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5
Q

What is the problem with too much oestrogen?

A

Hyperplasia and cancer

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6
Q

When is the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

Day 16-28

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7
Q

What hormone is associated with the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

progesterone

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8
Q

Define dysfunctional uterine bleeding

A

Bleeding at the wrong time of the endometrial cycle without obvious cause (ie. not fibroids)

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9
Q

What is the cause of acute endometritis?

A

Post-partum/abortion sepsis

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10
Q

What are the causes of chronic endometritis?

A

Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease
IUCD
Tuberculosis

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11
Q

Which bacterium is most commonly associated with endometritis

A

actinomysis

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12
Q

How to endometrial polyps usually present?

A

Bleeding or discharge but usually asymptomatic

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13
Q

When do endometrial polyps usually occur

A

Around and after the menopause

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14
Q

What is the supposed cause of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Persistent oestrogen stimulation

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15
Q

How does endometrial hyperplasia usually present?

A

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding or postmenopausal bleeding

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16
Q

When is the peak incidence of endometrial carcinoma?

A

50-60years

17
Q

When does endometrial cancer occur in younger women?

A

When they have an underlying predisposition e.g. PCOS, Lynch syndrome

18
Q

What are the 2 main types of endometrial cancer?

A

Endometrioid carcinoma

Serous Carcinoma

19
Q

What is the precursor lesion of endometrioid carcinoma?

A

Atypical hyperplasia

20
Q

What is the precursor lesion of serous carcinoma?

A

Serous intraepithelial carcinoma

21
Q

How does endometrial carcinoma usually present?

A

Abnormal bleeding

22
Q

How does endometrial carcinoma present macroscopically?

A

Large, polypoid uterus

23
Q

How does endometrial carcinoma present microscopically?

A

Most are well differentiated adenocarcinomas

24
Q

How does endometrial carcinoma spread?

A

Direct- to myometrium and cervix
Lymphatic
Haematogenous

25
Q

What is endometrioid endometrial cancer associated with?

A

Unopposed oestrogen
Atypical hyperplasia
PCOS
Lynch Syndrome

26
Q

What is serous endometrial cancer associated with?

A

TP53

Elderly post-menopausal women

27
Q

Which type of endometrial cancer is most agressive?

A

Serous

28
Q

How is endometrial cancer staged?

A

I) Confined to the uterine body
II) Involvement of the cervix
III) Involvement of ovaries/tubes or extension beyond serosa
IV) Spread to other organs

29
Q

What is the name of a tumour arising from endometrial stroma?

A

Endometrial stromal sarcoma

30
Q

What is carcinosarcoma?

A

A mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and stromal elements

31
Q

What is adenomyosis?

A

Endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium

32
Q

How does adenomyosis present?

A

Menorhaggia/dysmenorrhoea

33
Q

What is a leiomyoma

A

A fibroid

34
Q

What are leiomyomas associated with?

A

Menorrhagia, infertility

35
Q

What is a leiomyosarcoma?

A

A malignant smooth muscle tumour

36
Q

How do fibroids present microscopically?

A

Interlacing smooth muscle cells

Degenerative changes

37
Q

What causes degeneration of fibroids

A

Progesterone e.g. during pregnancy

Obstetrics and Gynaecology (7 decks)

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