Uterine and ovarian pathology Flashcards
What is endometriosis?
Endometriosis is a medical condition that occurs when the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, grows in other places, such as the fallopian tubes, ovaries or along the pelvis.
What are symptoms of endometriosis?
Asymptomatic, dysmennorhoea (painful periods), dyspareunia, pelvic pain, pain on passing stool, dysuria
What is the investigation for endometriosis?
Laparoscopy
What is laparoscopy
a surgical procedure in which a fibre-optic instrument is inserted through the abdominal wall to view the organs in the abdomen or permit small-scale surgery.
Aetiology of endometriosis
Unknown but retrograde menstruation into the peritoneal cavity along the fallopian tube and metaplasia of mesothelium to Mullerian-type epithelium.
What is endometritis?
Inflammation of the endometrium
What is the endometrium?
The endometrium is the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the uterus (womb).
What is Endometrial polyps?
Uterine overgrowths
Symptoms of endometrial polyps?
Often asymptomatic, intermenstrual bleeding, menorrhagia (heavy period), dysmenorhoea ( (painful period)
Investigation for endometrial polyps?
USS, hysteroscopy
What is leiomyoma?
Uterine fibroids - Leiomyomas of the urterus (or uterine fibroids) are benign tumors that arise from the overgrowth of smooth muscle and connective tissue in the uterus. Histologically, a monoclonal proliferation of smooth muscle cells occurs.
What are the risk factors?
Genetics, obesity
What is endometrial hyperplasia?
Endometrial hyperplasia is an abnormal proliferation of the endometrium (ie greater than the normal proliferation that occurs during the menstrual cycle). It is a risk factor for the development of endometrial carcinoma.
Basically endometrium becomes too thick
What causes endometrial hyperplasia?
Endometrial hyperplasia most often is caused by excess estrogen without progesterone.
What can endometrial hyperplasia lead to?
Endometrial adenocarcinoma
What is the most common cancer of female genital tract?
Endometrial adenocarcinoma
What is endometrial adenocarcinoma?
Malignant tumour formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue of endometrium
What are the symptoms of endometrial adenocarcinoma?
Post menopausal bleeding.
What is the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome
Endocrine disorder - high levels of androgen and high levels of insulin.
Symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome?
Irregular menstrual cycle
Acne
Hair on body
What is gonadal failure?
Gonadal failure, also known as hypogonadism, is what occurs when the gonads cease functioning as efficiently as they once did. This diminished functioning may result in low androgen (testosterone) and estrogen levels, in addition to a decrease in other hormones produced by the gonads
What are the two types of gonadal failure?
Primary failure (Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism) - something wrong with the gonads
Secondary failure (hypogonatrophic hypogonadism) - hypothalamic/pituitary failure leads to gonadal failure.
What are the congenital causes of gonadal failure?
Turner syndrome and Klinefelter’s syndrome.
What are the most common group of ovarian neoplasms?
Epithelial tumours
