Uterine and ovarian pathology

Question 1

What is endometriosis?

Answer 1

Endometriosis is a medical condition that occurs when the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, grows in other places, such as the fallopian tubes, ovaries or along the pelvis.

Question 2

What are symptoms of endometriosis?

Answer 2

Asymptomatic, dysmennorhoea (painful periods), dyspareunia, pelvic pain, pain on passing stool, dysuria

Question 3

What is the investigation for endometriosis?

Answer 3

Laparoscopy

Question 4

What is laparoscopy

Answer 4

a surgical procedure in which a fibre-optic instrument is inserted through the abdominal wall to view the organs in the abdomen or permit small-scale surgery.

Question 5

Aetiology of endometriosis

Answer 5

Unknown but retrograde menstruation into the peritoneal cavity along the fallopian tube and metaplasia of mesothelium to Mullerian-type epithelium.

Question 6

What is endometritis?

Answer 6

Inflammation of the endometrium

Question 7

What is the endometrium?

Answer 7

The endometrium is the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the uterus (womb).

Question 8

What is Endometrial polyps?

Answer 8

Uterine overgrowths

Question 9

Symptoms of endometrial polyps?

Answer 9

Often asymptomatic, intermenstrual bleeding, menorrhagia (heavy period), dysmenorhoea ( (painful period)

Question 10

Investigation for endometrial polyps?

Answer 10

USS, hysteroscopy

Question 11

What is leiomyoma?

Answer 11

Uterine fibroids - Leiomyomas of the urterus (or uterine fibroids) are benign tumors that arise from the overgrowth of smooth muscle and connective tissue in the uterus. Histologically, a monoclonal proliferation of smooth muscle cells occurs.

Question 12

What are the risk factors?

Answer 12

Genetics, obesity

Question 13

What is endometrial hyperplasia?

Answer 13

Endometrial hyperplasia is an abnormal proliferation of the endometrium (ie greater than the normal proliferation that occurs during the menstrual cycle). It is a risk factor for the development of endometrial carcinoma.

Basically endometrium becomes too thick

Question 14

What causes endometrial hyperplasia?

Answer 14

Endometrial hyperplasia most often is caused by excess estrogen without progesterone.

Question 15

What can endometrial hyperplasia lead to?

Answer 15

Endometrial adenocarcinoma

Question 16

What is the most common cancer of female genital tract?

Answer 16

Endometrial adenocarcinoma

Question 17

What is endometrial adenocarcinoma?

Answer 17

Malignant tumour formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue of endometrium

Question 18

What are the symptoms of endometrial adenocarcinoma?

Answer 18

Post menopausal bleeding.

Question 19

What is the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome

Answer 19

Endocrine disorder - high levels of androgen and high levels of insulin.

Question 20

Symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome?

Answer 20

Irregular menstrual cycle
Acne
Hair on body

Question 21

What is gonadal failure?

Answer 21

Gonadal failure, also known as hypogonadism, is what occurs when the gonads cease functioning as efficiently as they once did. This diminished functioning may result in low androgen (testosterone) and estrogen levels, in addition to a decrease in other hormones produced by the gonads

Question 22

What are the two types of gonadal failure?

Answer 22

Primary failure (Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism) - something wrong with the gonads

Secondary failure (hypogonatrophic hypogonadism) - hypothalamic/pituitary failure leads to gonadal failure.

Question 23

What are the congenital causes of gonadal failure?

Answer 23

Turner syndrome and Klinefelter’s syndrome.

Question 24

What are the most common group of ovarian neoplasms?

Answer 24

Epithelial tumours

Question 25

What are the three major carcinoma histologic types?

Answer 25

Serous, Mucinous and endometrioid