UT Level I Review Questions Flashcards
- The indication on the instrument display that
represents the far boundary of the material being
tested is called:
a. grass or hash.
b. the initial pause.
c. the main bang.
d. the back-surface reflection.
d. the back-surface reflection.
- In immersion testing, the position of the transducer
is often varied by a manipulator to transmit sound
into the test part at various angles to the front
surface. Such a procedure is referred to as:
a. angulation.
b. dispersion.
c. reflection testing.
d. refraction.
a. angulation.
- The technical name for the cable that connects the
ultrasonic instrument to the transducer is:
a. BX cable.
b. conduit.
c. coaxial cable.
d. ultrasonic conductor cable-grade 20.
c. coaxial cable.
- The process of standardizing an instrument or device
by using a reference standard is called:
a. angulation.
b. calibration.
c. attenuation.
d. correlation.
b. calibration.
- Another name for a compressional wave is:
a. lamb wave.
b. shear wave.
c. longitudinal wave.
d. transverse wave
c. longitudinal wave.
- Another name for rayleigh waves is:
a. shear waves.
b. longitudinal waves.
c. transverse waves.
d. surface waves.
d. surface waves.
- A material used between the face of a transducer
and the test surface to permit or improve the
transmission of ultrasonic vibrations from the transducer to the material being tested is called:
a. a wetting agent.
b. a couplant.
c. an acoustic transmitter.
d. a lubricant.
b. a couplant.
- The piezoelectric material in a transducer that vibrates to produce ultrasonic waves is called a:
a. backing material.
b. plastic wedge.
c. crystal.
d. couplant.
c. crystal.
- Ultrasonic testing of material where the probe is in direct contact with the material being tested may be:
a. water jet.
b. immersion testing.
c. air coupled.
d. straight beam testing
d. straight beam testing
- An advantage of using lithium sulfate in transducers
is that it:
a. is one of the most efficient generators of
ultrasonic energy.
b. is one of the most efficient receivers of
ultrasonic energy.
c. is insoluble.
d. can withstand temperatures as high as
700 °C (1260 °F).
b. is one of the most efficient receivers of
ultrasonic energy.
- The transducer shown in Figure 1 is used for:
a. surface wave testing.
b. angle beam testing.
c. immersion testing.
d. straight beam testing.
d. straight beam testing
- The transducer that contains the thinnest
piezoelectric crystal is a:
a. 1 MHz transducer.
b. 5 MHz transducer.
c. 15 MHz transducer.
d. 25 MHz transducer.
d. 25 MHz transducer.
- Penetration of ultrasonic waves in a material is
normally the function of test frequency used. The greatest depth of penetration is provided by a frequency of:
a. 1 MHz
b. 2.25 MHz
c. 5 MHz
d. 10 MHz
a. 1 MHz
- The amount of beam divergence from a crystal is primarily dependent on the:
a. type of test.
b. tightness of crystal backing in the transducer.
c. frequency and crystal size.
d. pulse length.
c. frequency and crystal size.
- When an ultrasonic beam passes through the
interface between two dissimilar materials at an angle, a new angle of sound travel takes place in the second material due to:
a. attenuation.
b. rarefaction.
c. compression.
d. refraction
d. refraction
- Figure 2 illustrates a contact test on a 203 mm
(8 in.) aluminum block. A discontinuity is located
152 mm (6 in.) from the front surface. The display representation for this is shown to the right. What does indication A represent?
a. The initial pulse or front-surface indication.
b. The first discontinuity indication.
c. The first back-surface reflection.
d. Baseline
a. The initial pulse or front-surface indication.
- In Figure 2, indication B represents:
a. the initial pulse or front-surface indication.
b. the first discontinuity indication.
c. the first back-surface reflection.
d. baseline
b. the first discontinuity
- In Figure 2, indication C represents the:
a. second back-surface reflection.
b. first discontinuity indication.
c. second indication of the discontinuity.
d. first back-surface reflection.
d. first back-surface reflection.
- In Figure 2, indication D represents the:
a. first discontinuity indication.
b. second indication of the discontinuity.
c. first back-surface reflection.
d. second back-surface reflection
b. second indication of the discontinuity.
- In Figure 2, indication E represents the:
a. first discontinuity indication.
b. second indication of the discontinuity.
c. first back-surface reflection.
d. second back-surface reflection.
d. second back-surface reflection.
- The velocity of longitudinal waves is approximately
______ the velocity of shear waves in the same material.
a. two times
b. four times
c. 1/2
d. 9/10
a. two times
- Figure 3 illustrates an immersion test of a 76 mm (3 in.) block of aluminum with a discontinuity located 51 mm (2 in.) below the surface. The display
pattern is shown also. What does indication A
represent? Assume no sweep delay is used.
a. The first front-surface indication.
b. The initial pulse.
c. The first discontinuity indication.
d. The first back-surface reflection.
b. The initial pulse.
- In Figure 3, indication B represents the:
a. first front-surface indication.
b. initial pulse.
c. first back-surface reflection.
d. first discontinuity reflection.
a. first front-surface indication.
- In Figure 3, indication C represents the:
a. first front-surface indication.
b. first discontinuity indication.
c. first back-surface reflection.
d. second front-surface indication.
b. first discontinuity indication.
- In Figure 3, indication D represents the:
a. first discontinuity indication.
b. first back-surface reflection.
c. second front-surface indication.
d. second discontinuity indication.
b. first back-surface reflection.
- In Figure 3, the distance between indications A and B
represents the:
a. distance from the front surface of the aluminum
block to the discontinuity.
b. distance from the front surface of the aluminum
block to the back surface of the aluminum block.
c. water distance from the transducer to the
aluminum block.
d. 76 mm.
c. water distance from the transducer to the
aluminum block.
- Under most circumstances, which of the following
frequencies would result in the best resolving power?
a. 1 MHz
b. 5 MHz
c. 10 MHz
d. 25 MHz
d. 25 MHz
- Which of the following materials of the same alloy is
most likely to produce the greatest amount of sound attenuation over a given distance?
a. A hand forging.
b. A coarse-grained casting.
c. An extrusion.
d. The attenuation is equal in all materials.
b. A coarse-grained casting.
- In contact testing, the entry surface indication is
sometimes referred to as the:
a. initial pulse.
b. back reflection.
c. skip distance.
d. scan path.
a. initial pulse.
- An ultrasonic instrument display pattern containing
a large number of low-level indications (often
referred to as grass or hash) could be caused by:
a. a crack.
b. a large inclusion.
c. coarse-grained material.
d. a gas pocket.
c. coarse-grained material.
- A test method employing two separate transducers on opposite surfaces of the material being tested is
called:
a. contact testing.
b. surface wave testing.
c. through-transmission testing.
d. lamb wave testing.
c. through-transmission testing.
- The number of complete waves that pass a given
point in a given period of time (usually 1 s) is
referred to as the:
a. amplitude.
b. pulse length.
c. frequency.
d. wavelength.
c. frequency.
- The boundary between two different materials that
are in contact with each other is called:
a. a rarefactor.
b. a refractor.
c. an interface.
d. a marker.
c. an interface.
- When the motion of the particles of a medium is
parallel to the direction of propagation, the wave being transmitted is called a:
a. longitudinal wave.
b. shear wave.
c. surface wave.
d. lamb wave.
a. longitudinal wave.
- When the motion of the particles of a medium is
transverse to the direction of propagation, the wave
being transmitted is called a:
a. longitudinal wave.
b. shear wave.
c. surface wave.
d. lamb wave.
b. shear wave.
- The number “25 million cycles per second” can also
be stated as:
a. 25 kHz.
b. 2500 kHz.
c. 25 MHz.
d. 25 μHz.
c. 25 MHz.
- Moving a transducer over a test surface either
manually or automatically is referred to as:
a. scanning.
b. attenuating.
c. angulating.
d. resonating.
a. scanning.
- A term used in ultrasonics to express the rate at which
sound waves pass through various substances is:
a. frequency.
b. velocity.
c. wavelength.
d. pulse length.
b. velocity.
- When an indication has reached the maximum signal
height which can be displayed or viewed on the display of an ultrasonic instrument, the indication is
said to have reached its:
a. distance amplitude height.
b. absorption level.
c. vertical limit.
d. limit of resolution.
c. vertical limit.
- An ultrasonic testing technique in which the
transducer element is not parallel to the test surface is called:
a. angle beam testing.
b. immersion testing.
c. contact testing.
d. through-transmission testing.
a. angle beam testing.
- In Figure 4, angle 1 (θ1) is called the angle of:
a. incidence.
b. reflection.
c. refraction.
d. diffraction.
a. incidence.
- In Figure 4, angle 2 (θ2) is called the angle of:
a. incidence.
b. reflection.
c. refraction.
d. diffraction.
b. reflection.
- In Figure 4, angle 3 (θ3) is called the angle of:
a. incidence.
b. reflection.
c. refraction.
d. rarefaction.
c. refraction.
- Most commercial ultrasonic testing is accomplished
using frequencies between:
a. 1 and 25 kHz.
b. 1 and 1000 kHz.
c. 0.2 and 25 MHz.
d. 15 and 100 MHz.
c. 0.2 and 25 MHz.
- In an A-scan presentation, the horizontal baseline
represents the:
a. amount of reflected ultrasonic sound energy.
b. distance travelled by the transducer.
c. elapsed time or distance.
d. signal amplitude.
c. elapsed time or distance.
- In an A-scan presentation, the amplitude of vertical
indications on the display represents the:
a. amount of ultrasonic sound energy returning to the transducer.
b. distance travelled by the transducer.
c. thickness of material being tested.
d. elapsed time since the ultrasonic pulse was
generated.
a. amount of ultrasonic sound energy returning to the transducer.
- Which of the following test frequencies would
generally provide the best penetration in a 305 mm (12 in.) thick specimen of coarse-grained steel?
a. 1 MHz
b. 2.25 MHz
c. 5 MHz
d. 10 MHz
a. 1 MHz
- In a basic ultrasonic test pattern (A-scan) for contact testing (assuming no sweep delay is used), the initial pulse is:
a. the high indication on the extreme left side of the
display that represents the entry surface of the
inspected part.
b. the first pulse that occurs near the right side of
the display and represents the opposite boundary
of the inspected part.
c. an indication that appears and disappears during
screening.
d. always the second pulse from the left on the
viewing display.
a. the high indication on the extreme left side of the
display that represents the entry surface of the
inspected part.
- An ultrasonic test using a straight beam contact transducer is being conducted through the thickness of a flat part such as a plate. This test should detect:
a. laminar-type discontinuities with major
dimensions parallel to the rolled surface.
b. transverse-type discontinuities with major
dimensions at right angles to the rolled surface.
c. radial discontinuities with major dimensions
along length but radially oriented to the rolled
surface.
d. rounded discontinuities such as porosity.
a. laminar-type discontinuities with major
dimensions parallel to the rolled surface.
- In ultrasonic testing, a liquid coupling medium between the crystal surface and the part surface is necessary because:
a. lubricant is required to minimize wear on the
crystal surface.
b. an air interface between the crystal surface and
the part surface would almost completely reflect
the ultrasonic vibrations.
c. the crystal will not vibrate if placed directly in
contact with the surface of the part being
inspected.
d. the liquid is necessary to complete the electrical
circuit in the transducer.
b. an air interface between the crystal surface and
the part surface would almost completely reflect
the ultrasonic vibrations.
- Near-surface resolution is a characteristic of an
ultrasonic testing system that defines its ability to detect:
a. discontinuities oriented in a direction parallel to
the ultrasonic beam.
b. discontinuities located in the center of a forging
containing a fine metallurgic structure.
c. minute surface scratches.
d. discontinuities located just beneath the
entry-surface in the part being tested.
d. discontinuities located just beneath the
entry-surface in the part being tested.
- During ultrasonic testing by the immersion method,
it is frequently necessary to angulate the transducer
when a discontinuity is located in order to:
a. avoid a large number of back reflections that
could interfere with a normal test pattern.
b. obtain a maximum response if the discontinuity is
not originally oriented perpendicular to the
ultrasonic beam.
c. obtain the maximum number of entry surface
reflections.
d. obtain a discontinuity indication of the same
height as the indication from the flat-bottom hole
in a reference block.
b. obtain a maximum response if the discontinuity is
not originally oriented perpendicular to the
ultrasonic beam.
- All other factors being equal, the mode of vibration
that has the greatest velocity is the:
a. shear wave.
b. transverse wave.
c. surface wave.
d. longitudinal wave.
d. longitudinal wave.
- On the area-amplitude ultrasonic standard test
blocks, the flat-bottom holes in the blocks are:
a. all of the same diameter.
b. different in diameter, increasing by 0.4 mm
(0.016 in.) increments from the No. 1 block to the
No. 8 block.
c. largest in the No. 1 block and smallest in the
No. 8 block.
d. drilled to different depths from the front surface
of the test block.
b. different in diameter, increasing by 0.4 mm
(0.016 in.) increments from the No. 1 block to the
No. 8 block.
- In immersion testing, verification that the transducer
is normal to a flat entry surface is indicated by:
a. maximum reflection from the entry surface.
b. elimination of water multiples.
c. proper wavelength.
d. maximum amplitude of the initial pulse.
a. maximum reflection from the entry surface.
- A piezoelectric material can:
a. convert a longitudinal beam to a shear wave.
b. convert a mechanical energy to electrical energy.
c. create ionization in a test specimen.
d. produce sound waves in a coaxial cable.
b. convert a mechanical energy to electrical energy.
- Sound waves of a frequency beyond the hearing range of the human ear are referred to as ultrasonic waves or vibrations, and the term embraces all
vibrational waves of frequency greater than
approximately:
a. 2 kHz
b. 200 kHz
c. 20 000 Hz
d. 2 MHz
c. 20 000 Hz
- The velocity of sound waves is primarily dependent
on the:
a. pulse length.
b. angle of incidence.
c. material properties and wave type.
d. frequency.
c. material properties and wave type.
- The primary purpose of reference blocks is to:
a. aid the operator in obtaining maximum back
reflections.
b. obtain the greatest sensitivity possible from an
instrument.
c. obtain a common reproducible signal.
d. properly tune the transducer
c. obtain a common reproducible signal.
- When testing by the surface wave method, patches of oil or dirt on the surface may:
a. block the progress of all sound.
b. attenuate the sound.
c. have no effect on the test.
d. cause both an attenuation of sound and
indications on the screen.
d. cause both an attenuation of sound and
indications on the screen.
- In immersion testing, the most commonly used
couplant is:
a. water.
b. oil.
c. glycerine.
d. alcohol.
a. water.
- The piezoelectric material in the transducer:
a. converts electrical energy into sound.
b. converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
and mechanical energy into electrical energy.
c. eliminates the signal-to-noise energy.
d. produces high-speed electrons in metals.
b. converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
- The shortest wavelength pulse is produced by a
frequency of:
a. 1 MHz
b. 5 MHz
c. 10 MHz
d. 25 MHz
d. 25 MHz
- The angle of incidence is:
a. greater than the angle of reflection.
b. less than the angle of reflection.
c. equal to the angle of reflection.
d. not related to the angle of reflection.
c. equal to the angle of reflection.
- On many ultrasonic testing instruments, an operator conducting an immersion test can remove that portion of the display presentation that represents water distance by adjusting a:
a. pulse length control.
b. reject control.
c. sweep delay control.
d. sweep length control.
c. sweep delay control.
- What is another way to express 100 000 cycles per second ?
a. 0.1 kHz
b. 10 kHz
c. 100 kHz
d. 100 MHz
c. 100 kHz
- Figure 5 is an illustration of a typical:
a. A-scan presentation.
b. B-scan presentation.
c. C-scan presentation.
d. D-scan presentation.
a. A-scan presentation.
- Figure 6 is an illustration of a typical:
a. A-scan presentation.
b. B-scan presentation.
c. C-scan presentation.
d. D-scan presentation.
c. C-scan presentation.
- Figure 7 is an illustration of a typical:
a. A-scan presentation.
b. B-scan presentation.
c. C-scan presentation.
d. D-scan presentation.
b. B-scan presentation.
- A transducer with a frequency greater than 10 MHz will most likely be used during:
a. a straight beam contact test of aluminum ingot.
b. an angle beam contact test of a steel pipe.
c. a surface wave contact test of a metallic plate.
d. an immersion test.
d. an immersion test.
- The reference holes in standard aluminum
area-amplitude ultrasonic test blocks contain:
a. flat-bottom holes.
b. concave-surface holes.
c. convex-surface holes.
d. conical-shaped holes.
a. flat-bottom holes.
- The gradual loss of sonic energy as the ultrasonic vibrations travel through the material is referred to
as:
a. reflection.
b. refraction.
c. reproducibility.
d. attenuation.
d. attenuation.
- A term used to describe numerous small indications
on the instrument display resulting from test part structure, numerous small discontinuities, or both is often referred to as:
a. multiple back reflections.
b. multiple front reflections.
c. grass or hash.
d. resonance.
c. grass or hash.
- When testing a plate, increasing the frequency of an
ultrasonic longitudinal wave results in:
a. an increase in its velocity.
b. a decrease in its velocity.
c. no change in its velocity.
d. a reversal in its velocity.
c. no change in its velocity.
- Ultrasonic waves transmitted into and received from the test material in the form of repetitive bursts of acoustic energy is called:
a. pulse echo testing.
b. continuous wave testing.
c. resonance testing.
d. through-transmission testing
a. pulse echo testing.
- Metal blocks, which contain one or more drilled holes or notches to simulate
discontinuities, are called:
a. scrubbers.
b. crystal collimators.
c. single-plane angulators.
d. reference blocks.
d. reference blocks.
- If the major dimensions of a discontinuity in a
152 mm (6 in.) thick aluminum plate lie parallel to the entry surface at a depth of 76 mm (3 in.), it will be best detected by:
a. a straight beam test.
b. an angle beam test.
c. a surface wave test.
d. a lamb wave test.
a. a straight beam test.
- The presence of a discontinuity will not produce a specific discontinuity indication on the ultrasonic
instrument display when using the:
a. straight beam testing method.
b. surface wave testing method.
c. angle beam testing method.
d. through-transmission testing method.
d. through-transmission testing method.
- The depth of a discontinuity cannot be determined when using the:
a. straight beam testing method.
b. through-transmission testing method.
c. angle beam testing method.
d. immersion testing method.
b. through-transmission testing method.
- When inspecting coarse-grained material, a sound wave is most easily scattered by the grain structure by
a frequency of:
a. 1 MHz
b. 2.25 MHz
c. 5 MHz
d. 10 MHz
d. 10 MHz
- The thickest crystal is contained in a:
a. 1 MHz transducer.
b. 5 MHz transducer.
c. 15 MHz transducer.
d. 25 MHz transducer.
a. 1 MHz transducer.
- When performing a surface wave test, indications may result from:
a. improper frequency.
b. oil on the surface.
c. a surface discontinuity.
d. the acoustical velocity of aluminum.
c. a surface discontinuity.
- Which of the following discontinuities located 152
mm (6 in.) from the entry surface results in the largest display indication if all factors except discontinuity surface condition and orientation are the same?
a. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat-surfaced
discontinuity whose major face is at an angle of
75° from the direction of sound beam
propagation.
b. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter rough-surfaced
discontinuity whose major face is at an angle of
75° from the direction of sound beam
propagation.
c. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat-surfaced
discontinuity whose major face is perpendicular
to the direction of sound beam propagation.
d. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter rough-surfaced
discontinuity whose major face is parallel to the
direction of sound beam propagation.
c. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat-surfaced
discontinuity whose major face is perpendicular
to the direction of sound beam propagation.
- Transducers constructed with a plastic wedge or
standoff between the transducer element and the test piece are commonly used:
a. for angle beam contact testing.
b. for immersion testing.
c. to eliminate the need for a couplant.
d. to reduce the speed of electrons.
a. for angle beam contact testing.
- Sound can be focused by special curved adapters
located in front of the transducer element. These adapters are referred to as:
a. scrubbers.
b. acoustic lenses.
c. angle beam adapters.
d. single plane adapters.
b. acoustic lenses.
- A test method in which the parts to be inspected are
placed in a water bath or some other liquid couplant is called:
a. contact testing.
b. immersion testing.
c. surface wave testing.
d. through-transmission testing.
b. immersion testing.
- A separate time baseline imposed on the viewing
display of some ultrasonic testing instruments that
permits measurement of distances is often referred to as:
a. an initial pulse.
b. a time/distance line.
c. an electronic gate.
d. a sweep line.
c. an electronic gate.
- A term used to describe the ability of an ultrasonic
testing system to distinguish between the
entry-surface response and the response of
discontinuities near the entry surface is:
a. sensitivity.
b. penetration.
c. segregation.
d. resolution.
d. resolution.
- The phenomenon whereby an ultrasonic wave changes direction when the wave crosses a boundary between materials with different velocities is called:
a. refraction.
b. reflection.
c. penetration.
d. rarefaction.
a. refraction.
- In a test where the transducer is not perpendicular
to the inspection surface, the angle of incidence is
equal to:
a. the angle of refraction.
b. the angle of reflection.
c. the shear wave angle.
d. half the shear wave angle.
b. the angle of reflection.
- The product of the acoustic velocity of sound in a
material and the density of the material is the
factor that determines the amount of reflection or transmission of ultrasonic energy when it reaches an
interface. This is called:
a. acoustic impedance.
b. velocity.
c. wavelength.
d. penetration.
a. acoustic impedance.
- In transmitting energy into the part shown in
Figure 8, the ultrasonic beam will:
a. diverge (spread out) through the part.
b. converge (focus in to a point) through the part.
c. transmit straight through the part.
d. not enter the part.
a. diverge (spread out) through the part.
- Ultrasonic waves that travel along the surface of a material and whose particle motion is elliptical are
called:
a. shear waves.
b. transverse waves.
c. longitudinal waves.
d. rayleigh waves.
d. rayleigh waves.
- The interference field near the face of a transducer is often referred to as the:
a. fresnel zone.
b. acoustic impedance.
c. exponential field.
d. phasing zone.
a. fresnel zone.
- When the incident angle is chosen to be between the
first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave mode within the part will be a:
a. longitudinal wave.
b. shear wave.
c. surface wave.
d. lamb wave.
b. shear wave.
- The formula used to calculate the angle of refraction within a material is called:
a. Fresnel’s law.
b. Fraunhofer’s law.
c. Snell’s law.
d. Lamb’s law.
c. Snell’s law.
- In a material with a given velocity, when frequency is
increased, the wavelength will:
a. not be affected.
b. increase.
c. decrease.
d. double.
c. decrease.
- Circuits that electronically amplify return signals
from the receiving transducer and often modify the signals into a form suitable for display are called:
a. pulser circuits.
b. marker circuits.
c. timer circuits.
d. receiver-amplifier circuits.
d. receiver-amplifier circuits.
- The most common type of data display used for ultrasonic examination of welds is:
a. an A-scan display.
b. a B-scan display.
c. a C-scan display.
d. an X-Y plot display.
a. an A-scan display.
- The display that plots signal amplitude versus time is called:
a. an A-scan display.
b. a B-scan display.
c. a C-scan display.
d. a D-scan display
a. an A-scan display.
- A circuit that modifies the return signal from the
receiving transducer into a form suitable for display on an oscilloscope or other output device is called a:
a. pulser.
b. receiver-amplifier.
c. clock.
d. sweep.
b. receiver-amplifier.
- A circuit that generates a burst of voltage that is
applied to the sending transducer is called:
a. a pulser.
b. a receiver-amplifier.
c. damping.
d. a clock.
a. a pulser.
- A circuit that coordinates electronic operation of the
entire ultrasonic instrument system is called:
a. damping.
b. a receiver-amplifier.
c. a clock.
d. a power supply.
c. a clock.
- A plan view display or recording of a part under
examination is called:
a. a C-scan display.
b. an A-scan display.
c. an X-axis plot.
d. a strip chart recording.
a. a C-scan display.
- Ultrasonic data, which is presented in a form representative of the cross section of the test specimen, is called:
a. an A-scan presentation.
b. a B-scan presentation.
c. a C-scan presentation.
d. an X-Y plot.
b. a B-scan presentation.
- What type of ultrasonic examination uses wheel-type
transducers that eliminate the use of a tank?
a. Through-transmission testing.
b. Contact testing.
c. Resonance testing.
d. Immersion testing.
d. Immersion testing.
- In addition to other functions, a transducer
manipulator in a mechanical immersion-scanning unit permits:
a. use of the through-transmission technique.
b. use of high scanning speeds.
c. detection of obliquely oriented discontinuities.
d. utilization of less skilled operators.
c. detection of obliquely oriented discontinuities.
- A type of data presentation most likely to be used
with a high-speed automatic scanning system is:
a. an A-scan presentation.
b. a velocity versus amplitude plot.
c. a C-scan presentation.
d. a plot of echo height versus depth.
c. a C-scan presentation.
- The component in a conventional immersion system
that spans the width of the immersion tank is called:
a. an articulator.
b. a bridge.
c. a manipulator.
d. a search tube.
b. a bridge.
- The component in an ultrasonic immersion system that is used to adjust and maintain a known transducer angle is called:
a. a carriage.
b. a manipulator.
c. a search tube.
d. an index system.
b. a manipulator.
- An amplitude type gate is necessary for all:
a. shear wave examinations.
b. longitudinal wave examinations.
c. automatic examinations.
d. manual examinations.
c. automatic examinations.
- When a C-scan recording is used to produce a permanent record of an ultrasonic test, the information displayed is typically the discontinuity’s:
a. depth and size.
b. depth, orientation, and size.
c. location and depth.
d. location and size (plan view).
d. location and size (plan view).
- Rough entry surface conditions can result in:
a. an increase in echo amplitude from discontinuities.
b. a decrease in the width of the front-surface echo.
c. a loss of amplitude from discontinuities.
d. a loss of material velocity.
c. a loss of amplitude from discontinuities.
- As the grain size increases in a material, its principal
effect in ultrasonic testing is on the:
a. velocity of sound.
b. attenuation.
c. acoustic impedance.
d. angle of refraction.
b. attenuation.
- In straight beam pulse echo testing, a discontinuity with a rough reflecting surface perpendicular to the incident wave has what effect on the detected signal in comparison to a smooth flat-bottom hole of the same size?
a. It increases the detected signal.
b. It decreases the detected signal.
c. It has no effect on the detected signal.
d. It decreases the width of the pulse of the detected
signal.
b. It decreases the detected signal.
- Which material can only transmit longitudinal waves?
a. Machine oil.
b. Aluminum.
c. Ice.
d. Beryllium.
a. Machine oil.
- If the velocity of a longitudinal mode wave in a given homogeneous material is 0.625 cm/μs at 13 mm
(0.5 in.) below the surface, what is the velocity at
51 mm (2 in.) below the surface?
a. One-fourth the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.).
b. One-half the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.).
c. The same as the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.).
d. Three-fourths the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.)
c. The same as the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.).
- What effect will replacing a 2.25 MHz transducer with a 5 MHz transducer have on the wavelength?
a. Make it longer.
b. Have no effect.
c. Make it shorter.
d. Increase it and the acoustic impedance.
c. Make it shorter.
- What can cause nonrelevant indications on the A-scan display?
a. Rectangular-shaped test specimens.
b. Setting a low pulse repetition rate.
c. Small grain structure of test specimens.
d. Edge effects.
d. Edge effects.
- The proper interpretation and evaluation of the
presented discontinuity signals are essential to any nondestructive test. A common method for the estimation of discontinuity size is the use of:
a. a double transducer test.
b. a piezoelectric standard.
c. mode conversion.
d. a reference standard.
d. a reference standard.
- Another name for fresnel zone is:
a. zone.
b. near field.
c. far field.
d. torrid zone.
b. near field.
- Attenuation is a:
a. test display characteristic.
b. test material parameter.
c. transducer characteristic.
d. form of testing.
b. test material parameter.
- For discontinuity geometries other than flat, the echo
amplitude is usually _________ from that observed for a flat discontinuity, of similar orientation perpendicular to the sound beam.
a. identical
b. increased
c. decreased
d. elongated
c. decreased
- To evaluate discontinuities that are oriented at an
angle to the entry surface so that the sound beam
strikes the plane of the discontinuity at right angles, the operator must:
a. change the frequency.
b. grind the surface.
c. angulate the transducer.
d. increase the gain.
c. angulate the transducer.
- The pulser circuit in an ultrasonic instrument is used
to:
a. control the horizontal and vertical sweep.
b. activate the transducer.
c. control transducer timing between transmit and
sweep.
d. generate markers that appear on horizontal
sweep.
b. activate the transducer.
- An A-scan display, which shows a signal both above and below the sweep line, is called:
a. a video display.
b. an RF display.
c. an audio display.
d. a frequency modulated display.
b. an RF display.
- A B-scan display shows the relative:
a. distance a discontinuity is from the transducer
and its through-dimension thickness.
b. distance a discontinuity is from the transducer
and its length in the direction of transducer
travel.
c. cross-sectional area of a discontinuity above a
predetermined amplitude.
d. pulse height and time of arrival to produce a
plan-view image.
b. distance a discontinuity is from the transducer
and its length in the direction of transducer
travel.
- Surface (rayleigh) waves traveling on the top face of a
block:
a. are not reflected from a sharp edge corner.
b. are reflected from a sharp edge corner.
c. travel through the sharp edge corner and are
reflected from the lower edge.
d. are absorbed by a sharp edge corner.
b. are reflected from a sharp edge corner.
- Surface (rayleigh) waves are more highly attenuated by a:
a. curved surface.
b. heavy couplant.
c. thin couplant.
d. sharp corner.
b. heavy couplant.
- The velocity of sound in a material is dependent upon the:
a. frequency of the wave.
b. wavelength.
c. material properties.
d. vibration cycle.
c. material properties.
- To vary or change the wavelength of sound being
used to test a part, change the:
a. sound wave frequency.
b. diameter of the transducer.
c. electrical pulse voltage.
d. pulse repetition rate.
a. sound wave frequency.
- Ultrasonic vibrations are commonly used to:
a. support findings after visual inspection.
b. characterize grain structure.
c. detect discontinuities in multilayered structures
having air gaps between layers.
d. perform volumetric examinations of ferrous and
nonferrous materials.
d. perform volumetric examinations of ferrous and
nonferrous materials.
- Which of the following has the longest fresnel zone?
a. 13 mm (0.5 in.) diameter 1 MHz.
b. 13 mm (0.5 in.) diameter 2.25 MHz.
c. 28.5 mm (1.125 in.) diameter 1 MHz.
d. 38 mm (1.5 in.) diameter 2 MHz.
d. 38 mm (1.5 in.) diameter 2 MHz.
134 When contact testing, if the ultrasonic instrument is set with an excessively high pulse repetition
frequency:
a. the screen trace becomes too light to see.
b. the time-baseline becomes distorted.
c. the initial pulse disappears.
d. UT Signals may overlap with the multiples of the backwall echoes.
d. UT Signals may overlap with the multiples of the backwall echoes.
- The advantages of immersion testing include:
a. portability.
b. reduced equipment needed.
c. low equipment and maintenance costs.
d. adaptability for automated scanning.
d. adaptability for automated scanning.
- Longitudinal wave velocity in water is approximately one-fourth the velocity in aluminum or steel.
Therefore, the minimum water path should be:
a. four times the test piece thickness.
b. one-half the test piece thickness.
c. one-fourth the test piece thickness plus 6 mm
(0.25 in.).
d. one-half the test piece thickness plus 6 mm
(0.25 in.)
c. one-fourth the test piece thickness plus 6 mm
(0.25 in.).
- In immersion testing, a wetting agent is added to the
water to:
a. adjust the viscosity.
b. help eliminate the formation of air bubbles.
c. prevent cloudiness.
d. aid in technician comfort.
b. help eliminate the formation of air bubbles.
- The formula used to determine the fundamental
resonant frequency is:
a. F = V/T .
b. F = V /2T .
c. F = T/V .
d. F = VT .
b. F = V /2T .
- If frequency is increased, wavelength:
a. decreases (becomes shorter).
b. increases (becomes longer).
c. remains the same but velocity increases.
d. remains the same but velocity decreases.
a. decreases (becomes shorter).
- The variable in distance amplitude calibration block
construction is the:
a. drilled hole size.
b. drilled hole point angle.
c. metal distance above the drilled hole.
d. angle of the drilled hole to block longitudinal
axis.
c. metal distance above the drilled hole.
- When setting up a distance amplitude correction curve using three flat-bottom holes, sometimes the
hole closest to the transducer gives less of a response than one or both of the other two. This could be caused by:
a. a hole that is too large.
b. near field effects.
c. impedance mismatch.
d. the acoustic velocity.
b. near field effects.
- Ferrous and nonferrous welds may be ultrasonically
tested using a frequency range of:
a. 25-100 kHz
b. 200-500 kHz
c. 2-5 MHz
d. 3-6 MHz
c. 2-5 MHz
- The product of the material density and the velocity of sound within that material is referred to as:
a. acoustic impedance.
b. near field.
c. acoustic attenuation.
d. ultrasonic beam distribution.
a. acoustic impedance.
- A straight beam contact transducer consists of:
a. a case, a crystal, wear plate, and backing.
b. a case, a crystal, backing, and a plastic wedge.
c. a case, a crystal, backing, and acoustic lenses.
d. a case, a crystal, a mount, backing, a plastic
wedge, and acoustic lenses.
a. a case, a crystal, wear plate, and backing.
- In immersion testing, to remove the second water
reflection from between the entry surface signal and the first back reflection, you should:
a. increase the repetition rate.
b. decrease the frequency.
c. decrease the sweep length.
d. increase the water path.
d. increase the water path.
- For a given incident angle, as the frequency of the transducer increases, the refracted angle:
a. increases.
b. decreases.
c. stays the same.
d. cannot be determined.
c. stays the same.
- Both longitudinal and shear waves may be simultaneously generated in a second medium when
the angle of incidence is:
a. between normal and the first critical angle.
b. between the first and second critical angles.
c. past the second critical angle.
d. only at the second critical angle.
a. between normal and the first critical angle.
- Penetration of ultrasonic waves in a material is
normally the function of test frequency used. The greatest depth of penetration is provided by a frequency of:
a. 1 MHz
b. 2.25 MHz
c. 5 MHz
d. 10 MHz
a. 1 MHz
- Refracted energy assumes a new direction of
propagation when the _________ is changed.
a. principal angle
b. reflected angle
c. critical angle
d. incident angle
d. incident angle
- The loss of energy as it propagates through material
is the result of beam:
a. interference.
b. attenuation.
c. absorption.
d. reflection.
b. attenuation.
- In selecting a suitable couplant, which of the following characteristics would not affect the selection?
a. Mode of propagation desired.
b. Material surface finish and temperature.
c. Operating frequency of the transducer.
d. Chemical properties of the couplant.
c. Operating frequency of the transducer.
- Excessive surface roughness of the material being
tested can cause:
a. a loss of echo amplitude from discontinuities
within the material.
b. reduced acoustic velocity.
c. increased acoustic velocity.
d. increased back-surface response.
a. a loss of echo amplitude from discontinuities
within the material.
- Reference or calibration standards are used for:
a. determining phase shift analysis.
b. providing a method for standardizing the test system.
c. determining tensile strength.
d. measuring vibrations.
b. providing a method for standardizing the test system.
- The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when
it passes from one material to another material in which elasticity and density differ is called:
a. reflection.
b. rarefaction.
c. angulation.
d. refraction.
d. refraction.
- If a discontinuity is oriented at an angle other than 90° to the sound beam, the results may be a:
a. loss of signal linearity.
b. loss or lack of signal reflected from the
discontinuity.
c. focusing of the sound beam.
d. loss of interference phenomena.
b. loss or lack of signal reflected from the
discontinuity.
- A device that transforms electrical pulses into mechanical and vice versa utilizes:
a. Snell’s law.
b. piezoelectric principles.
c. mode conversion principles.
d. particle motion principles.
b. piezoelectric principles.
- Whenever an ultrasonic incident angle is set at 5°
from normal in water:
a. the refracted wave is mode converted.
b. the refracted wave is the same mode as the
incident wave.
c. the refracted wave in steel has two components,
one of which will be the same mode as the
incident wave.
d. it is impossible to determine mode(s) of a
refracted wave without more information.
c. the refracted wave in steel has two components,
one of which will be the same mode as the
incident wave.
- If a discontinuity is located in the fresnel or near-field region of a sound beam:
a. the larger the discontinuity, the larger the amplitude of the reflected signal.
b. the closer to the surface the discontinuity is
located, the larger will be the amplitude of the
reflected signal.
c. in immersion testing, the amplitude of the signal
increases as the water path decreases.
d. in immersion testing, the amplitude of the
reflected signal may increase or decrease as the
water path decreases.
d. in immersion testing, the amplitude of the
reflected signal may increase or decrease as the
water path decreases.
- If a transducer is vibrating at a frequency and injecting ultrasonic energy through water into a steel specimen:
a. the sound wavelength is the same in both the
water and the steel.
b. the sound frequency in the water is less than the
sound frequency in steel.
c. the sound wavelength is not the same in both the
water and the steel.
d. the sound frequency in the water is greater than
the sound frequency in steel.
c. the sound wavelength is not the same in both the water and the steel.
- When a longitudinal sound wave strikes a water-steel interface at an angle of incidence of 15°(see Figure 9):
a. all the sound energy is reflected back into the
water at an angle of 15°.
b. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and
part is refracted into the steel at an angle of less
than 15°.
c. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and
part is refracted along the water-steel interface.
d. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and
part is refracted into the steel at an angle greater
than 15°
d. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and
part is refracted into the steel at an angle greater
than 15°
