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Flash fast usmle > usmle uworld and nbme > Flashcards

usmle uworld and nbme Flashcards

1
Q

drug that stimulates granulocyte colonies to increase WBC in neutropenic pts

A

filgrastim

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2
Q

used to prevent bone marrow suppression while using methotrexate

A

leucovorin

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3
Q

___ hyperstabilizes mictrotubule polymers while ____ inhibits microtubule polymers

A

paclitaxel, vincristine

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4
Q

sign of pum htn

A

P2 higher than A2, normally aortic valve closes louder than pulmonic valve due to higher pressure. in this case it is reversed

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5
Q

how do baroreceptors work

A

stretch receptors, will fire more when there is more fluid

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6
Q

hemmorhagic shock pathophys

A

low blood volume causes decrease stretch on baroreceptors so low arterial barororeceptor firing rate, low arterial (afferent) baroreceptor firing rate activates efferent sympathetic firing which activates raas and causes vasoconstriction (increased tpr and systemic vascular resistance. capillaries in kidneys will want to reabsorp contents not filter

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7
Q

place where pelvic free fluid goes to

A

pouch of douglas

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8
Q

itchy butt, egg on tape test, fecal oral transmission

A

enterobius vermicularis, pin worm

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9
Q

nematode that migrates from nose to mouth obstruction at iliocecal valve, biliary obstruction, intestinal performation, seen on stool microscopy

A

giant roundworm, ascaris lumbricoides

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10
Q

larvae from soil that penetrates intestinal wall, seen in feces on microscopy

A

strongyloides (thread worm)

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11
Q

larvae that causes microcytic anemia, serpiginous itchy rash, walking barefoot on beach, can be in intestine

A

ancylostoma (hookworm)

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12
Q

sensitivity=

A

1- FN

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13
Q

biphosphonates (alendronate, risedronate)

A

bind hydroxyapeatite on bone and inhibit osteoclast activity

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14
Q

leflunomide

A

inhibit dihyrdooroate dehydrogenase, prevent pyramidine synthesis supressing T cell proliferation, used in RA

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15
Q

salicycate Acid Base Finding

A

met acidosis and respiratory alkalosis, not compensatory respiratory alkalosis

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16
Q

teriparatide

A

recombinant pth analog that increases osteoblastic activity, increases risk of osteosarcoma, dont give for paget give biphosphonate

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17
Q

reason behind edema following injury

A

endothelial tight junctions become permeable so tha neutrophils and other immune immediators can travel to site of injury

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18
Q

what are the “tingibly Body” macrophages on the “starry sky” histo of burkitts

A

phagocytosed apoptic cells

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19
Q

transactivation of TAX gene leads to

A

Adult t cell lymphoma, caused by HTLV

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20
Q

desmopressin moA

A

activates aquaporin channels through ADH. ADH increases cAMP

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21
Q

hormones that work through non receptor tyrosine kinase

A

Insulin and the growth factors: IGF, FGF, PDgf, EGF

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22
Q

nonreceptor tyrosine kinase hormones

A

prolactin, immunomodulators (IL2,6, IFN) Growth hormone Erythropoien thrombopoieten and JAK STAT

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23
Q

cGMP

A

BNP, ANP, Nitric Oxide (EDRF)

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24
Q

IP3

A

GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH, TRH, Histamine, Angiotensin II, Gastrin (GOAT HAG)

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25
Q

Intracellular receptor Hormones

A

Progeserone, estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, t2 t4, vit D

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26
Q

fasting physiology timeline

A

glycogenolysis (6-24) gluconeogenesis (24)

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27
Q

chemotatic factor for neutrophils

A

C5a, leukotriene B4, lamin digest, platelet activating factor

28
Q

mediastinal shift

A

tension pneumo

29
Q

RSV properties

A

RNA virus, fusion protein entry, tx with palivisumab (blocks viral fusion)

30
Q

Rhogam

A

binds and removes RhD antigens, preventing formation of maternal antibodies to RhD

31
Q

fever, palmar erythema, lymphadenopathy after being treated with rabbit antithymocite IgG

A

Serem Sickness, type III hypersensitivity

32
Q

Causes of serum sickness

A

foreing proteings, IgG, drugs (haptens, penicillin,) infections such as HepB

33
Q

zoonotic infx in New mexico with necrotic lesions that drain blood, swollen infected lymph nodes or buboes

A

yersinia, similar presentation to fransicella but in midwest, tx both with aminoglycosides

34
Q

external rotation of shoulder

A

teres minor and infraspinatus

35
Q

which artery supplies parathyroid gland

A

inferior thyroid artery, branch of thryocervical trunk which branches from subclavian artery

36
Q

superior thyroid artery branches off the

A

external carotid, runs along the superior laryngeal nerve

37
Q

Ca Oxalate stone tx in patients with increased Ca in urine

A

thiazide diuretics, work on NaCl symporter to increase Ca reabsorption which causes hyperCa and decrease Ca urine

38
Q

old person with blisters in areas of flexion, friction, do not break easily

A

pemphigus bullous, hemidesmisomes, break in basement membrane and keratinocytes

39
Q

mec A- positivity in bacteria

A

bacteria is methicillin resistant, tx with vanc

40
Q

genetic polymorphism

A

variation of alleles in a locus. variation in mutation of nucleotide that does not cause change the amino acid at the locus ex marfans

41
Q

Type I and II pneumocytes during lung damage

A

any lung damage will cause depleion of type 1 pneumocytes since they make up 97% of lung surface. type II will proliferate in response to type I depletion.

42
Q

malonyl coA

A

stimulates fatty acid synthesis, inhibits fatty acid degradation and beta oxidation

43
Q

hexokinase vs glucokinase

A

converts glucose to G6P in tissues, used when glucose concentrations are low; glucokinase converts glucose to G6P in liver when glucose concentrations are hight

44
Q

Glycolysis activators

A

AMP, fructose 2,6 biphosphate activate PFK1; fed state: increase insulin, decrease cAMP, decrease protein kinsase A, decrease FBPase 2, increase PFK2 which increase fructose 2,6 BP which activates PFK1

45
Q

Gluconeogenesis regulating enzyme

A

fructose 1,6 BP (1,6 NOT 2,6)

46
Q

glycolysis regulating enzyme

A

PFK1

47
Q

Gluconeogenesis activators

A

ATP, Citrate; fating state: incease glucagon, increase cAMP, Incr protein kinase, Increase FBPase 2, decrease PFK2

48
Q

FBPase 2

A

glycolysis/gluconeogenesis off/on switch. Increase FBPase 2 favors gluconeogenesis; Decrease FBPase 2 causes increase PFK 2 favors glycolysis

49
Q

Fructose 2,6 biphosphate

A

increases glycolysis, decreases gluconeogenesis

50
Q

TCA activators

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase, ADP, citrate synthase, alpha keto glutarate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase

51
Q

TCA inhibitors

A

ATP, Acetyl CoA, NADH, Succinly Coa

52
Q

Alpha Keto Gluturate Dehydrogenase fxn & cofactors

A

converts alpha keto glutarate to Succinyl CoA in TCA; cofactors: B1, B2, B3, B5, lipoic acid

53
Q

naegleria fowleri

A

CNS protozoa, swimmers get, travels through nose, olfactory nerve, will see amoebas in CSF, ruffs worst nightmare

54
Q

CNS protozoa

A

toxo (meat & cat liter), naegleria fowleri (swimming), trypanosma brucei (african sleeping sickness, tsetse fly)

55
Q

protozoa that causes hepatosplen, pancytopenia, and skin ulcers, macrophage contain amastigotes

A

leishmania, sandfly

56
Q

old person with RLL pneumonia

A

think of aspiration pneumonia

57
Q

contralateral weakness and loss of proprioception, ipsilateral tongue deviation

A

medial medullay syndrome, Anterior spinal artery

58
Q

pain and temp contralateral body, ipsilateal face, ipsilateral horner, ipsilateral ataxia, dysphagia, hoarseness, gag

A

lateral medullary

59
Q

laterally medullay CN

A

9,10,11,12

60
Q

facial nucleus defect, paralysis of face, pain and temp contralateral body, ipsilateral face, ipsilateral deafness, ipsilateral horner

A

lateral pontine, AICA

61
Q

pelvic frracture can damage ___ urethra

A

membranous, fluid leaks in retropubic space

62
Q

straddle injury, blood in scrotum

A

bulbar spongy injury

63
Q

odds ratio greater than 1 and 95% confidence interval has a range greater than 1

A

statistically significant results

64
Q

irritation, abnormal insertion of patellor tendon

A

osgood schlatter dx

65
Q

BK virus

A

cold like sx, occurs in kidney transplant pts who are on too much immunosuppressant

66
Q

double hit mutation is needed in _______ diseases

A

autosomal recessive;

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