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USMLE Buzzwords - WLB > USMLE Buzzwords Part 2 - WLB > Flashcards

USMLE Buzzwords Part 2 - WLB Flashcards

1
Q

What condition is characterized by chronic sinusitis, infertility, and situs inversus?

A

Kartagener Syndrome => defect in dynein arm (non-functional cilia)

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2
Q

What conditions are associated with an elevated D-dimer test?

A

Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis

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3
Q

What do you call the triad of hypercoagulability + endothelial damage + stasis of blood? What disease is this triad associated with?

A

Virchow Triad => DVT

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4
Q

What disease is associated with the phrase “Blue Bloater”?

A

Chronic Bronchitis => cyanosis/hypoxemia + hypercapnia

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5
Q

What disease is associated with the phrase “Pink Puffer”?

A

Emphysema => dyspnea + hyperventilation

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6
Q

What disease is associated with the pathologic finding of Curschmann spirals?

A

Asthma => shed epithelium from mucus plugs

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7
Q

What disease is characterized by bilateral hilar adenopathy and uveitis?

A

Sarcoidosis

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8
Q

What disease is characterized by anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies?

A

Goodpasture Syndrome

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9
Q

What disease is characterized by “honeycomb lung” on x-ray?

A

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

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10
Q

What pathologic finding is characterized by “tennis racket”-shaped cytoplasmic organelles? What disease is it associated with?

A

Birbeck granules => Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

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11
Q

What pathologic finding is characterized by iron-containing nodules in the alveolar septum? What disease is it associated with?

A

Ferruginous bodies (golden-brown fusiform rods resembling dumbbells) => Asbestosis

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12
Q

What type of lung cancer is associated with SIADH?

A

Small cell lung cancer

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13
Q

What type of tumor is associated with Horner Syndrome?

A

Pancoast tumor

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14
Q

What type of lung cancer is associated with hypercalcemia?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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15
Q

What type of lung cancer is associated with Cushing Syndrome?

A

Small cell carcinoma

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16
Q

What type of lung cancer is associated with weakness?

A

Small cell lung cancer (weakness = Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome)

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17
Q

What substances are associated with lung cancer?

A

Cigarette smoke, asbestos, radon, silica

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18
Q

What condition is characterized by chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and persistant fevers occurring several weeks after a Myocardial Infarction?

A

Dressler Syndrome

2+ weeks post-MI

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19
Q

What condition causes splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails?

A

Infective Endocarditis

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20
Q

What physical exam finding is characterized by retinal hemorrhages with pale centers? What disease is it associated with?

A

Roth Spots => Infective Endocarditis

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21
Q

Which heart valve is most commonly involved in infective endocarditis?

A

Mitral Valve

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22
Q

Which heart valve is most commonly involved in an IV drug user with infective endocarditis?

A

Tricuspid Valve

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23
Q

What pathologic finding is characterized by granulomatous nodules in the heart that presents with focal myocardial inflammation with multinucleate giant cells?

A

Aschoff bodies

Rheumatic Heart Disease

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24
Q

What is the most common primary cardiac tumor in adults?

A

Left atrial Myxoma

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25
What is the most common primary cardiac tumor in children?
Rhabdomyoma
26
What is the most common cause of constrictive pericarditis in the US? Developing countries?
US => Lupus Developing countries => TB
27
What vasculitis is associated with a positive c-ANCA?
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's)
28
What vasculitides are associated with a positive p-ANCA?
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Straus) Microscopic polyangiitis
29
What is the treatment for thromboangiitis obliterans?
Smoking cessation | Thromboangiitis obliterans = Buerger disease
30
What is the treatment for Giant Cell (temporal) arteritis?
High dose steroids
31
What conditions is characterized by a "strawberry" cervix?
Trichomonas vaginitis
32
What vaginal infection is characterized by clue cells on wet mount?
Bacterial vaginosis (Gardnerella vaginalis)
33
What bacteria is characterized by it's "school of fish" appearance?
Haemophilus ducreyi | causes Chancroids
34
What condition is characterized by a boy with self-mutilating behavior, intellectual disability, and gout?
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome | absent HGPRT, which converts hypoxanthine to IMP and guanine to GMP
35
What condition is characterized by orotic acid in the urine and elevated serum ammonia?
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
36
What condition is characterized by orotic acid in the urine and a normal serum ammonia level? Tx?
Orotic aciduria | Tx: uridine monophosphate to bypass mutated enzyme
37
What condition is characterized by megaloblastic anemia that does not improve with folate and Vitamin B12? What is the deficient enzyme?
Orotic aciduria Deficient enzyme = UMP synthase
38
What is the most common class of medication for bulimia nervosa?
SSRIs (especially Fluoxetine)
39
What is the most common medication used for ADHD?
Methylphenidate (i.e. Ritalin)
40
What is the medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal?
Benzodiazepines
41
What is the most effective treatment for alcohol abuse?
Alcoholics Anonymous/Group therapy
42
What disease is characterized by atrophy of the mammilary bodies?
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
43
What is the treatment for central diabetes insipidus?
Desmopressin
44
What is the treatment for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
HCTZ, Indomethacin, Amiloride
45
What is the treatment for lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Amiloride
46
What pathologic finding is described as bluish-colored lines on the gingivae?
Burton's lines (lead poisoning)
47
What is the treatment of choice for rickets and osteomalacia?
Vitamin D
48
What condition is characterized by swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on the skin?
Scurvy (Vitamin D deficiency)
49
What is the most common vitamin deficiency in the U.S.?
Folate deficiency (Vitamin B9)
50
What condition is characterized by hypersegmented neutrophils?
Megaloblastic anemia (Folate (B9)/Vitamin B12 deficiency)
51
What condition is characterized by cardiomyopathy, edema, and polyneuropathy?
Wet Beriberi (Vitamin B1 deficiency)
52
What are the four causes of Cusing Syndrome?
1. Exogenous steroid use 2. Ectopic ACTH secretion (small cell lung cancer) 3. ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma 4. Adrenal tumor that secretes cortisol
53
What is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism?
Adrenal adenoma
54
What is the medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism?
Spironolactone/Eplerenone
55
What adrenal disease is associated with skin hyperpigmentation?
Addison Disease
56
What condition is characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis?
Conn Syndrome (i.e. Primary Hyperaldosteronism)
57
What is the most common tumor of the adrenal glands?
Benign, non-functioning adenoma
58
What is the most common tumor of the adrenal medulla (in adults)?
Pheochromocytoma
59
What is the most common tumor of the adrenal medulla (in children)?
Neuroblastoma
60
What is the medical treatment for pheochromocytoma?
Nonselective Alpha-blocker (Phenoxybenzamine)
61
What condition is characterized by pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperparathyroidism?
MEN 2A
62
What condition is characterized by pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and mucosal neuromas?
MEN 2B
63
What condition is most characterized by cold intolerance?
Hypothyroidism
64
What is the most common thyroid cancer?
Papillary thyroid cancer
65
What cancer is characterized by enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei?
Papillary thyroid cancer
66
What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia?
Primary hyperparathyroidism
67
What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?
Parathyroid adenoma
68
What is the most common of secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Chronic renal failure
69
What is the most common cause of hypoparathyroidism?
Accidental parathyroidectomy
70
What physical exam finding is characterized by eliciting a facial spasm when tapping on the cheek?
Chvostek sign
71
What condition is characterized by parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors?
MEN 1
72
What is the preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation?
Heparin (or low molecular weight heparin)
73
What is the preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation?
Warfarin
74
What is the preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy?
Heparin (or low molecular weight heparin)
75
What are the causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia?
Iron deficiency anemia Thalassemia Lead poisoning Anemia of chronic disease (late stage)
76
What condition is characterized by a skull x-ray showing "hair-on-end" or "crewcut" appearance?
Beta thalassemia Sickle cell disease
77
What condition is characterized by basophilic stippling of RBCs?
Lead poisoning
78
What condition is characterized by painful cyanosis of the fingers and toes with hemolytic anemia?
Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia
79
What condition is characterized by red urine in the morning and fragile RBCs?
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (no CD 55/59)
80
What pathologic finding is characterized by basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs?
Howell-Jolly bodies
81
What condition is characterized by autosplenectomy?
Sickle celll disease
82
What drug is used to treat sickle cell disease?
Hydroxyurea
83
What condition is characterized by antiplatelet antibodies?
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)
84
What condition is characterized by a bleeding disorder with gpIb deficiency?
Bernard-Soulier disease
85
What is the most common inherited bleeding disorder?
von Willebrand disease
86
What cancer is most commonly associated with a noninfectious fever?
Hodgkin lymphoma (B symptoms)
87
What condition is characterized by sheets of lymphoid cells and "starry sky" appearance on pathology samples?
Burkitt lymphoma
88
What pathologic finding is characterized by large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent "owl's eye inclusions"? Associated disease?
Reed Sternberg cells => Hodgkin lymphoma
89
What type of leukemia is characterized by smudge cells?
CLL
90
What pathologic finding is characterized by reddish-pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts?
Auer rods (most commonly AML M3)
91
What condition is characterized by dark purple lesions on the skin in an HIV patient?
Kaposi Sarcoma (HHV-8)
92
What virus is associated with temporal lobe encephalitis?
HSV-1
93
What condition is characterized by "owl's eye" inclusions in organ tissue?
CMV (HHV-5)
94
What pathologic finding is characterized by intranuclear eosinophilic droplets? Associated conditions?
Type A Cowdry bodies Associated with: HSV, VZV, CMV
95
What virus causes aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient?
Parvovirus B19
96
What condition is characterized by a child with a fever and "slapped cheek" rash on the face that spreads to his body?
Fifth disease (Parvovirus B19)
97
What condition is characterized by a fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, and diffuse rash?
Rubeola => Measles
98
What physical exam finding is characterized by small, irregular, blue-gray spots on the buccal mucosa, surrounded by a base of red? Associated disease?
Koplik spots => Measles (Rubeola)
99
What condition is characterized by dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient?
Kaposi sarcoma
100
What condition is characterized by large cells with "owl's eye" inclusions?
CMV
101
What is the treatment for CMV?
Ganciclovir
102
What is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients?
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)
103
What drug is used to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia?
TMP-SMX
104
What is the treatment for oral candidiasis?
Nystatin, Fluconazole
105
What is the treatment for systemic candidiasis?
Immunocompetent = Fluconazole Immunocompromised = Amphotericin B, Echinocandin
106
What is the treatment for Sporothrix schenckii?
Itraconazole, Potassium iodide
107
What condition is characterized by ring-enhancing brain lesions in an HIV patient?
Toxoplasma gondii
108
What is the treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis?
Metronidazole
109
What is the most common protozoal diarrhea?
Giardia lamblia

USMLE Buzzwords - WLB (9 decks)

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