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USMLE Buzzwords - WLB > USMLE Buzzwords Part 2 - WLB > Flashcards

USMLE Buzzwords Part 2 - WLB Flashcards

1
Q

What condition is characterized by chronic sinusitis, infertility, and situs inversus?

A

Kartagener Syndrome => defect in dynein arm (non-functional cilia)

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2
Q

What conditions are associated with an elevated D-dimer test?

A

Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis

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3
Q

What do you call the triad of hypercoagulability + endothelial damage + stasis of blood? What disease is this triad associated with?

A

Virchow Triad => DVT

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4
Q

What disease is associated with the phrase “Blue Bloater”?

A

Chronic Bronchitis => cyanosis/hypoxemia + hypercapnia

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5
Q

What disease is associated with the phrase “Pink Puffer”?

A

Emphysema => dyspnea + hyperventilation

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6
Q

What disease is associated with the pathologic finding of Curschmann spirals?

A

Asthma => shed epithelium from mucus plugs

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7
Q

What disease is characterized by bilateral hilar adenopathy and uveitis?

A

Sarcoidosis

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8
Q

What disease is characterized by anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies?

A

Goodpasture Syndrome

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9
Q

What disease is characterized by “honeycomb lung” on x-ray?

A

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

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10
Q

What pathologic finding is characterized by “tennis racket”-shaped cytoplasmic organelles? What disease is it associated with?

A

Birbeck granules => Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

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11
Q

What pathologic finding is characterized by iron-containing nodules in the alveolar septum? What disease is it associated with?

A

Ferruginous bodies (golden-brown fusiform rods resembling dumbbells) => Asbestosis

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12
Q

What type of lung cancer is associated with SIADH?

A

Small cell lung cancer

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13
Q

What type of tumor is associated with Horner Syndrome?

A

Pancoast tumor

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14
Q

What type of lung cancer is associated with hypercalcemia?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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15
Q

What type of lung cancer is associated with Cushing Syndrome?

A

Small cell carcinoma

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16
Q

What type of lung cancer is associated with weakness?

A

Small cell lung cancer (weakness = Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome)

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17
Q

What substances are associated with lung cancer?

A

Cigarette smoke, asbestos, radon, silica

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18
Q

What condition is characterized by chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and persistant fevers occurring several weeks after a Myocardial Infarction?

A

Dressler Syndrome

2+ weeks post-MI

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19
Q

What condition causes splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails?

A

Infective Endocarditis

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20
Q

What physical exam finding is characterized by retinal hemorrhages with pale centers? What disease is it associated with?

A

Roth Spots => Infective Endocarditis

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21
Q

Which heart valve is most commonly involved in infective endocarditis?

A

Mitral Valve

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22
Q

Which heart valve is most commonly involved in an IV drug user with infective endocarditis?

A

Tricuspid Valve

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23
Q

What pathologic finding is characterized by granulomatous nodules in the heart that presents with focal myocardial inflammation with multinucleate giant cells?

A

Aschoff bodies

Rheumatic Heart Disease

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24
Q

What is the most common primary cardiac tumor in adults?

A

Left atrial Myxoma

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25
Q

What is the most common primary cardiac tumor in children?

A

Rhabdomyoma

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26
Q

What is the most common cause of constrictive pericarditis in the US? Developing countries?

A

US => Lupus

Developing countries => TB

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27
Q

What vasculitis is associated with a positive c-ANCA?

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s)

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28
Q

What vasculitides are associated with a positive p-ANCA?

A

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Straus)

Microscopic polyangiitis

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29
Q

What is the treatment for thromboangiitis obliterans?

A

Smoking cessation

Thromboangiitis obliterans = Buerger disease

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30
Q

What is the treatment for Giant Cell (temporal) arteritis?

A

High dose steroids

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31
Q

What conditions is characterized by a “strawberry” cervix?

A

Trichomonas vaginitis

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32
Q

What vaginal infection is characterized by clue cells on wet mount?

A

Bacterial vaginosis (Gardnerella vaginalis)

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33
Q

What bacteria is characterized by it’s “school of fish” appearance?

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

causes Chancroids

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34
Q

What condition is characterized by a boy with self-mutilating behavior, intellectual disability, and gout?

A

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

absent HGPRT, which converts hypoxanthine to IMP and guanine to GMP

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35
Q

What condition is characterized by orotic acid in the urine and elevated serum ammonia?

A

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

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36
Q

What condition is characterized by orotic acid in the urine and a normal serum ammonia level? Tx?

A

Orotic aciduria

Tx: uridine monophosphate to bypass mutated enzyme

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37
Q

What condition is characterized by megaloblastic anemia that does not improve with folate and Vitamin B12? What is the deficient enzyme?

A

Orotic aciduria

Deficient enzyme = UMP synthase

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38
Q

What is the most common class of medication for bulimia nervosa?

A

SSRIs (especially Fluoxetine)

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39
Q

What is the most common medication used for ADHD?

A

Methylphenidate (i.e. Ritalin)

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40
Q

What is the medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal?

A

Benzodiazepines

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41
Q

What is the most effective treatment for alcohol abuse?

A

Alcoholics Anonymous/Group therapy

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42
Q

What disease is characterized by atrophy of the mammilary bodies?

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

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43
Q

What is the treatment for central diabetes insipidus?

A

Desmopressin

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44
Q

What is the treatment for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

HCTZ, Indomethacin, Amiloride

45
Q

What is the treatment for lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

46
Q

What pathologic finding is described as bluish-colored lines on the gingivae?

A

Burton’s lines (lead poisoning)

47
Q

What is the treatment of choice for rickets and osteomalacia?

48
Q

What condition is characterized by swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on the skin?

A

Scurvy (Vitamin D deficiency)

49
Q

What is the most common vitamin deficiency in the U.S.?

A

Folate deficiency (Vitamin B9)

50
Q

What condition is characterized by hypersegmented neutrophils?

A

Megaloblastic anemia (Folate (B9)/Vitamin B12 deficiency)

51
Q

What condition is characterized by cardiomyopathy, edema, and polyneuropathy?

A

Wet Beriberi (Vitamin B1 deficiency)

52
Q

What are the four causes of Cusing Syndrome?

A
  1. Exogenous steroid use
  2. Ectopic ACTH secretion (small cell lung cancer)
  3. ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
  4. Adrenal tumor that secretes cortisol
53
Q

What is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism?

A

Adrenal adenoma

54
Q

What is the medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism?

A

Spironolactone/Eplerenone

55
Q

What adrenal disease is associated with skin hyperpigmentation?

A

Addison Disease

56
Q

What condition is characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis?

A

Conn Syndrome (i.e. Primary Hyperaldosteronism)

57
Q

What is the most common tumor of the adrenal glands?

A

Benign, non-functioning adenoma

58
Q

What is the most common tumor of the adrenal medulla (in adults)?

A

Pheochromocytoma

59
Q

What is the most common tumor of the adrenal medulla (in children)?

A

Neuroblastoma

60
Q

What is the medical treatment for pheochromocytoma?

A

Nonselective Alpha-blocker (Phenoxybenzamine)

61
Q

What condition is characterized by pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperparathyroidism?

62
Q

What condition is characterized by pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and mucosal neuromas?

63
Q

What condition is most characterized by cold intolerance?

A

Hypothyroidism

64
Q

What is the most common thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary thyroid cancer

65
Q

What cancer is characterized by enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei?

A

Papillary thyroid cancer

66
Q

What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia?

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

67
Q

What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Parathyroid adenoma

68
Q

What is the most common of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Chronic renal failure

69
Q

What is the most common cause of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Accidental parathyroidectomy

70
Q

What physical exam finding is characterized by eliciting a facial spasm when tapping on the cheek?

A

Chvostek sign

71
Q

What condition is characterized by parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors?

72
Q

What is the preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation?

A

Heparin (or low molecular weight heparin)

73
Q

What is the preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation?

74
Q

What is the preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy?

A

Heparin (or low molecular weight heparin)

75
Q

What are the causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia?

A

Iron deficiency anemia

Thalassemia

Lead poisoning

Anemia of chronic disease (late stage)

76
Q

What condition is characterized by a skull x-ray showing “hair-on-end” or “crewcut” appearance?

A

Beta thalassemia

Sickle cell disease

77
Q

What condition is characterized by basophilic stippling of RBCs?

A

Lead poisoning

78
Q

What condition is characterized by painful cyanosis of the fingers and toes with hemolytic anemia?

A

Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia

79
Q

What condition is characterized by red urine in the morning and fragile RBCs?

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (no CD 55/59)

80
Q

What pathologic finding is characterized by basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs?

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

81
Q

What condition is characterized by autosplenectomy?

A

Sickle celll disease

82
Q

What drug is used to treat sickle cell disease?

A

Hydroxyurea

83
Q

What condition is characterized by antiplatelet antibodies?

A

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)

84
Q

What condition is characterized by a bleeding disorder with gpIb deficiency?

A

Bernard-Soulier disease

85
Q

What is the most common inherited bleeding disorder?

A

von Willebrand disease

86
Q

What cancer is most commonly associated with a noninfectious fever?

A

Hodgkin lymphoma (B symptoms)

87
Q

What condition is characterized by sheets of lymphoid cells and “starry sky” appearance on pathology samples?

A

Burkitt lymphoma

88
Q

What pathologic finding is characterized by large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent “owl’s eye inclusions”? Associated disease?

A

Reed Sternberg cells => Hodgkin lymphoma

89
Q

What type of leukemia is characterized by smudge cells?

90
Q

What pathologic finding is characterized by reddish-pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts?

A

Auer rods (most commonly AML M3)

91
Q

What condition is characterized by dark purple lesions on the skin in an HIV patient?

A

Kaposi Sarcoma (HHV-8)

92
Q

What virus is associated with temporal lobe encephalitis?

93
Q

What condition is characterized by “owl’s eye” inclusions in organ tissue?

A

CMV (HHV-5)

94
Q

What pathologic finding is characterized by intranuclear eosinophilic droplets? Associated conditions?

A

Type A Cowdry bodies

Associated with: HSV, VZV, CMV

95
Q

What virus causes aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient?

A

Parvovirus B19

96
Q

What condition is characterized by a child with a fever and “slapped cheek” rash on the face that spreads to his body?

A

Fifth disease (Parvovirus B19)

97
Q

What condition is characterized by a fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, and diffuse rash?

A

Rubeola => Measles

98
Q

What physical exam finding is characterized by small, irregular, blue-gray spots on the buccal mucosa, surrounded by a base of red? Associated disease?

A

Koplik spots => Measles (Rubeola)

99
Q

What condition is characterized by dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient?

A

Kaposi sarcoma

100
Q

What condition is characterized by large cells with “owl’s eye” inclusions?

101
Q

What is the treatment for CMV?

A

Ganciclovir

102
Q

What is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients?

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)

103
Q

What drug is used to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia?

104
Q

What is the treatment for oral candidiasis?

A

Nystatin, Fluconazole

105
Q

What is the treatment for systemic candidiasis?

A

Immunocompetent = Fluconazole

Immunocompromised = Amphotericin B, Echinocandin

106
Q

What is the treatment for Sporothrix schenckii?

A

Itraconazole, Potassium iodide

107
Q

What condition is characterized by ring-enhancing brain lesions in an HIV patient?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

108
Q

What is the treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis?

A

Metronidazole

109
Q

What is the most common protozoal diarrhea?

A

Giardia lamblia

USMLE Buzzwords - WLB (9 decks)

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