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BVetMed3 POS - Principles Of Oncology > Using The Pathologist > Flashcards

Using The Pathologist Flashcards

1
Q 
Define Neoplasia 
(Three key points)
A

An uncontrollable proliferation of cells

Proliferation continues in the absence of inciting cause

Neoplastic cells originate from a single cell which has undergone mutation and lost the ability to control its division

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2
Q

Which patients are particularly prone to developing squamous cell carcinomas?

Why?

Where are they usually found?

A

White cats

Lack melanin in the skin

Nasal planum and ear tips

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3
Q

How do benign tumours grow?

A

Expansion

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4
Q

Describe the growth rate of benign tumours

A

Low to moderate

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5
Q

Describe the gross appearance of a benign tumour in relation to the surrounding tissue

A

Well-demarcated from surrounding tissue

Smooth outline

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6
Q

What usually surrounds a benign tumour?

A

Connective tissue capsule

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7
Q

How do benign tumours usually feel on palpation?

A

Freely movable

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8
Q

Describe the cut surface of a benign tumour

A

Homogeneous

May be cystic in glandular tissues

(Generally little haemorrhage or necrosis)

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9
Q

How easy/successful is surgical removal of benign tumours?

A

Often easy (dependent on location)

No recurrence if completely excised

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10
Q

What is a key feature of benign tumours?

A

No metastasis to elsewhere in the body

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11
Q

Describe the microscopic features of benign tumours

A

Often very similar to the tissue of origin

Tissue well organised

Endocrine tumours can be functional

Surrounding connective tissue capsule that tumour doesn’t broach

Few/no mitoses

Generally no haemorrhage or necrosis

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12
Q

Describe the growth of malignant tumours

A

Growth by invasion into adjacent tissue

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13
Q

Are malignant tumours usually encapsulated?

A

No

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14
Q

Describe how malignant tumours feel on palpation

Describe their usual gross appearance if on skin/mucosa

A

Usually not mobile

Often ulcerate if on skin or mucosal surface

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15
Q

How easy/successful are surgical attempts to remove malignant tumours?

A

Complete removal often difficult

Often recurs after excision

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16
Q

Describe the internal appearance of a malignant tumour

A

Frequently show internal necrosis or haemorrhage

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17
Q

Can malignant tumours metastasise?

If so, where?

A

Yes - some more readily than others

First to local lymph nodes, lungs

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18
Q

Describe the microscopic features of malignant tumours.

A

—Variable cell size and shape - anisocytosis / pleomorphism
— Anisokaryosis
—increased nuclear:cytoplasm
—prominent nucleoli
— presence of mitoses
— loss of cohesiveness and structure
— malignant fusion -> multinucleated cells
— secondary changes -> necrosis, fibrosis, inflammation
— usually unencapsulated - if presence, often invaded

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19
Q

What do you term a benign tumour of the surface epithelia (e.g. skin)?

A

Papilloma

20
Q

What do you term a benign tumour of the glandular epithelia?

A

Adenoma

21
Q

What is used as a prefix for benign tumours of epithelial origin?

A

Tissue of origin e.g. squamous, thyroid

22
Q

What do you term a malignant tumour of epithelial origin?

A

Carcinoma

23
Q

What do you term a malignant tumour of the glandular epithelium?

A

Adenocarcinoma

24
Q

Where is the tissue of origin stated for malignant tumours of epithelial origin?

A

Added at the beginning e.g. squamous cell carcinoma, mammary adenocarcinoma

25
Q

What is the basic rule when naming malignant and benign tumours of mesenchymal origin?

A

Benign - add -Oma to the tissue of origin

Malignant - add -sarcoma to the tissue of origin

26
Q

Give the names for benign and malignant tumours of fibrous tissue origin

A

Fibroma

Fibrosarcoma

27
Q

Give the names for benign and malignant tumours of bone tissue origin

A

Osteoma

Osteosarcoma

28
Q

Give the names for benign and malignant tumours of cartilage tissue origin

A

Chondroma

Chondrosarcoma

29
Q

Give the names for benign and malignant tumours of adipose tissue origin

A

Lipoma

Liposarcoma

30
Q

Give the names for benign and malignant tumours of smooth muscle tissue origin

A

Leiomyoma

Leiomyosarcoma

31
Q

Give the names for benign and malignant tumours of endothelial tissue origin

A

Haemangioma

Haemangiosarcoma

32
Q

Give the names for benign and malignant tumours of skeletal muscle tissue origin

A

Rhabdomyoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma

33
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

NOT a neoplasm

Organised type of chronic inflammation

34
Q

What is a lymphoma?

Are they usually benign or malignant?

A

Tumours of the lymphoid system

Usually malignant

35
Q

What is a Melanoma ?

Are they usually benign or malignant?

A

Tumour of melanocytes

Some benign others malignant
(‘Malignant melanoma ‘).

36
Q

What is a mast cell tumour?

Are they usually benign or malignant?

A

Tumour of mast cells (mastocytoma)

Vary in degrees of malignancy

37
Q

What is leukaemia?

Are they usually benign or malignant?

A

Tumours derived from cells of the bone marrow which circulate in the blood

38
Q

What is a teratoma?

Are they usually benign or malignant?

A

Germ cell tumours with elements of ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm

39
Q

What are sarcoids?

What causes them?

A

Low grade fibrosarcoma commonly seen in the skin of horses

BPV

40
Q

What are the four routes of tumour metastasis?

A

Lymphatic
Vascular
Trans-coelomic
Local

41
Q

What tumours commonly use lymphatic spread for metastasis?

What do you expect to find in lymph nodes?

A

Carcinomas

Draining lymph nodes contain secondary metastases

42
Q

Which tumour type tends to favour vascular metastasis?

Where would you expect to find secondary tumours?

A

Sarcoma

Seeds widely to internal organs e.g. liver and lungs

43
Q

Which tumour type tends to favour trans-coelomic metastasis?

Where do you find secondary tumours?

A

Mesothelioma or ovarian carcinoma

Tumour spreads across serosal surfaces (may be associated with effusion)

44
Q

Where would you expect to find secondary tumours when local metastasis occurs?

A

Spread along fascial planes

45
Q

What are multicentric tumours?

A

Multiple tumours present on first presentation

— difficult to determine a primary site as multiple tumours present at first presentation

BVetMed3 POS - Principles Of Oncology (5 decks)

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