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Chemistry > Using resources. > Flashcards

Using resources. Flashcards

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1
Q

Humans rely on Earth’s resources for what?

A

to provide warmth, shelter, food and transport.

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2
Q

What do humans rely on now?

A

Agriculture to supplement or even replace such resources.

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3
Q

What are finite resources from the earth processed to provide?

A

Finite resources from the Earth, oceans and atmosphere are
processed to provide energy and materials.

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4
Q

What is potable water?

A

It is water that is good quality and is safe to drink.

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5
Q

How is potable water produced in the UK?

A

1)Fresh water from a source eg a lake or river is collected.
2) It is passed through a filter bed to remove solid particles
3) Chlorine gas is added to kill any harmful microorganisms.
4) Fluoride is added to drinking water to reduce tooth decay.

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6
Q

What can be used to sterilise water?

A

chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet light.

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7
Q

What are the 2 ways sea water can be desalinated to produce pure water?

A

Distillation and reverse osmosis. Both require lots of energy making it expensive.

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8
Q

What happens during distillation?

A

-The water is boiled to produce steam.
-The steam is condensed to produce pure liquid water.

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9
Q

What does sewage treatment include?

A
  • screening and grit removal
  • sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
  • anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
  • aerobic biological treatment of effluent.
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10
Q

Why is copper a useful metal?

A

-Good conductor of electricity/heat.
-Easily bent yet hard enough to make water pipes.
-Doesn’t react with water so it lasts a while.

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11
Q

Smelting.

A

-Copper can be extracted from copper-rich ores by heating ores with carbon in a furnace.

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12
Q

How can copper be obtained?

A

-From solutions of copper salts by electrolysis.
-By displacement using scrap iron.

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13
Q

Phytomining.

A

-uses plants to absorb metal compounds.
-The plants are harvested and then burned to produce ash that contains metal compounds.

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14
Q

Bioleaching-extracted from low grade-ores.

A

uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds.
The metal compounds can be processed to obtain the metal

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15
Q

When do metals corrode?

A

When they react with oxygen and water.

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16
Q

Rusting (When iron object corrode) equation

A

Iron + Water + oxygen = Hydrated iron (III) oxide.

17
Q

How can corrosion be prevented?

A

By painting, electroplating or greasing a metal stopping oxygen and water from reaching the iron surface.

18
Q

What happens in sacrificial protection?

A

A more reactive metal is placed in contact with the metal.
Eg blocks of magnesium are attached to the iron and they attract the ions.

19
Q

Galvanising

A

-Object is coated in a layer of zinc.
The zinc layer stops oxygen and water from reaching the metal.

20
Q

How is soda-lime glass made?

A

By heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone and is used as window glass.

21
Q

How is Borosilicate glass made?

A

From sand and boron trioxide, melts at higher
temperatures than soda-lime glass.

22
Q

How are clay ceramics made?

A

Made by shaping wet clay and then heating in a furnace.

23
Q

What do composite materials consist off?

A

Consists of two materials with different properties. eg concrete.

24
Q

Why are Life cycle assessments (LCAs) are carried out?

A

to assess the environmental impact of products in each of these stages:
* extracting and processing raw materials
* manufacturing and packaging
* use and operation during its lifetime
* disposal at the end of its useful life, including transport and distribution at each stage.

25
Q

The reduction in use, reuse and recycling of materials by end users reduces what?

A

The use of limited resources, use of energy sources, waste
and environmental impacts.

26
Q

What is the Haber process used for?

A

Used to manufacture ammonia, which is used to produce nitrogen-based fertilisers.

27
Q

What are the raw materials for the Haber process?

A

nitrogen and hydrogen.

28
Q

Where can nitrogen and hydrogen be taken from?

A

Purified nitrogen-Fractional distillation of liquid air.
Hydrogen-natural gas/steam.

29
Q

What is the nitrogen/hydrogen passed over?

A

passed over a catalyst of iron at a high temperature and a high pressure .
Some of the hydrogen and nitrogen reacts to form
ammonia.
Reversible reaction so some of the ammonia
produced breaks down into nitrogen and hydrogen.
nitrogen + hydrogen ⇌ ammonia

30
Q

What happens on cooling?

A

On cooling, the ammonia liquefies and is removed. The remaining hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled.

31
Q

Is the reaction between nitrogen/hydrogen exothermic or endothermic?

A

Exothermic.

32
Q

What are the best conditions in order to produce ammonia?

A

High pressure= high yield of ammonia.
Iron catalyst increase rate of reaction.
Moderate temperature.

33
Q

What do NPK fertilisers contain?

A

Compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are used as fertilisers to improve agricultural productivity.

34
Q

What do the three numbers in NPK mean?

A
  • First number gives the percent of nitrogen.
    -Second number relates to the amount of phosphorus
    -Third number relates to the amount of potassium.
35
Q

How can ammonia be used to produce nitric acid and ammonium nitrate?

A

Ammonia:
-Can be oxidised to produce nitric acid.
-Can neutralise nitric acid to produce ammonium nitrate.

36
Q

How are these- Potassium chloride, potassium sulfate and phosphate rock obtained?

A

By mining but phosphate rock cannot be used directly as
a fertiliser.
Phosphate rock is treated with nitric acid or sulfuric acid to produce soluble salts that can be used as fertilisers.

37
Q

When phosrate rock is treated with nitric acid what is produced?

A

Produces phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate. Then its neutralised with ammonia to produce ammonium phosphate.

38
Q

When phosphate rock reacts with sulfuric acid what is produced?

A

It makes a single superphosphate-mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate.

39
Q

What happens when phosphate rock is reacted with phosphoric acid?

A

It makes a triple superphosphate (calcium phosphate).

Chemistry (10 decks)

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