Using resources

Question 1

What is sustainable development?

Answer 1

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Question 2

In the UK, potable (safe to drink) water is produced by…?

Answer 2

1) Choosing an appropriate source of fresh water such as aquifers, rivers and lakes.
2) Passing the water through filter beds to remove any solids.
3) Sterilising to kill microbes.

Question 3

What are the sterilising agent for potable water?

Answer 3

Sterilising agents used for potable water include chlorine, ozone or UV light.

• Chlorine is a toxic gas so the amount added to water has to be carefully monitored.
• Using UV light to kill microbes avoids adding chemicals to the water but is more expensive.

Question 4

How is desalination carried out?

Answer 4

Desalination reduces the levels of dissolved minerals down to an acceptable level for potable water.

Desalination can be done by distillation or by processes that use membranes such as reverse osmosis. These processes require large amounts of energy.

Question 5

What is reverse osmosis?

Answer 5

Sea water is passed through a membrane that only allows through the water molecules. It needs high pressure to push the water through the membrane. The high pressure requires a lot of energy to produce.

Question 6

How is wastewater produced and how is it treated?

Answer 6

• Urban lifestyles and industrial processes produce large amounts of waste water that require treatment before being released into the environment.
• Sewage and agricultural waste water require removal of organic matter and harmful microbes.
• Industrial waste water may require removal of organic matter and harmful chemicals.

Question 7

What are the processes involved in sewage treatment?

Answer 7

Sewage treatment includes:

• Screening and grit removal.
• Sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent.
• Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge.
• Aerobic biological treatment of effluent.

Question 8

What do new methods of mining avoid in terms of disadvantages of traditional mining?

Answer 8

Avoids the disadvantages of traditional mining methods of digging, moving and disposing of large amount of rock.

Question 9

What is phytomining?

Answer 9

Phytomining uses plants to absorb metal compounds from the soil. The plants are harvested and then burned to produce ash that contains the metal compounds.

Question 10

What is bioleaching?

Answer 10

Bioleaching uses bacteria to produce leachate solution that contain metal compounds.

Question 11

What are the main advantages and disadvantages of phytomining and bioleaching?

Answer 11

These methods need less energy than traditional methods, and can work on low concentration ores but are slow to carry out.

Question 12

Describe the stages of LCAs

Answer 12

Life cycle assessments (LCAs) are carried out to assess the environmental impact of products in each of these stages:

• Extracting and processing raw materials.
• Manufacturing and packaging.
• Use and operation during its lifetime.
• Disposal at the end of its useful life, including transport and distribution at each stage.

Question 13

How do we reduce the use of resources?

Answer 13

The reduction in use, while reusing and recycling of materials by end users reduces the use of limited resources, energy consumption, waste and environmental impacts.

Question 14

What are the advantages and disadvantages of recycling?

Answer 14

Advantages of recycling: less acid rain (pollution), metal ore reserves last longer, conserved energy for extraction, less mining, quarrying less waste and less landfill which can create local employment.

Disadvantages of recycling: collection problems, transport problems, cost of transport, difficult to sort and separate metal from appliances.

Question 15

What is corrosion and how is it prevented?

Answer 15

Corrosion is the destruction of materials by chemical reaction with substances in the environment such as rusting.

Corrosion can be prevented by applying a coating that acts a barrier, such as greasing, painting or electropainting. These methods stop the air or water coming into contact with metal.

Question 16

Describe the sacrificial protection

Answer 16

Some coatings are reactive and may contain corrosion inhibitors or a more reactive metal.

If 2 metals are in contact, the more reactive metal will corrode instead of the less reactive one, such as zinc used to galvanise iron and when scratched, provides sacrificial protection because zinc is more reactive than iron.

Question 17

Describe the compounds and the uses of bronze, brass, gold and silver and copper and zinc, aluminium-magnesium and steels

Answer 17

Alloys:
Bronze - an alloy of copper and tin, used for making statues and decorative objects.

Brass - an alloy of copper and zinc used for producing water taps and door fittings.

Gold - an alloy of silver, copper and zinc used as jewellery (the proportion of gold in the alloy is measured in carats, with pure pure gold being 25 carat e.g. 18 carat gold is 75% gold).

Aluminium-magnesium alloys are low density and used in aerospace manufacturing.

Steels - alloys of iron that contain specific amounts of carbon and other metals. High carbon steel is strong but brittle. Low carbon steel is softer and more easily shaped. Steels containing chromium and nickel (stainless steels) are hard and resistant to corrosion).

Question 18

How are the properties of polymers determined?

Answer 18

The properties of polymers depend on what monomers they are made from and conditions under which they are made. For example, low density (LD) and high density (HD) and poly(ethene) are produced from ethene, using different catalysts and reaction conditions.

Question 19

Describe the structures of thermosoftening and thermosetting polymers

Answer 19

Thermosetting polymers do not melt on heating. The polymer molecules are linked to each other by strong cross-links. Thermosoftening polymers soften easily on heating and can then be remoulded, keeping the new shape upon cooling. The polymer molecules are attracted to each other by weak intermolecular forces.

Question 20

How is glass made?

Answer 20

Most of the glass we use is soda-lime glass, made by heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone. Borosilicate glass, made from sand and boron trioxide, melts at higher temperatures than soda-lime glass.

Question 21

How are clay ceramics made?

Answer 21

Clay ceramics, including pottery and bricks, are made by shaping wet clay and then heating in a furnace

Question 22

How are composites formed?

Answer 22

Fibres or fragments of one material (reinforcement) are surrounded by a binder that holds these fibres/fragments together.
For example, glass fibres bound together in a polymer, used for making storage tanks.

Question 23

Outline the key points of the Haber process. Include the use of the product

Answer 23

a) The purified H₂ and N₂ gases are passed over Fe catalyst at a high temperature (about 450°C) and a high pressure (about 200atm).
b) Fe speeds up the rate of reaction, so that a lower temperature could be use in the process.
c) Some of the hydrogen and nitrogen reacts to form ammonia. N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃
d) The reaction is reversible so ammonia breaks down again into nitrogen and hydrogen.
e) On cooling, the ammonia liquefies and is removed. The remaining hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled. This means almost no material is wasted.
f) Ammonia is for used for production of nitrogen-containing fertilisers and explosives.

Question 24

The Haber process operates at high T and P conditions. Explain why this is so and why this is a compromise

Answer 24

The conditions are a compromise between rate and the yield:
- The reaction is exothermic. An optimum temperature of 450°C is used. Using a lower temperature would give a higher yield, but the rate of NH₃ production would be too slow.

• A pressure of 200atm is used. Using a higher pressure would give a higher yield, but would be too expensive, because of the cost of energy to produce high pressure. A very high pressure would also be dangerous.

Question 25

How are compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium used?

Answer 25

Compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium ae used as fertilisers to improve agricultural productivity. NPK fertilisers contain compounds of all three elements.

Question 26

How is industrial production of NPK of fertilisers achieved?

Answer 26

Ammonia can be used to manufacture ammonium salts. The ammonium sulphate, phosphate, and nitrate can be produced by reaction of ammonia with the requisite acid.

2NH₃ + H₂SO₄ → (NH₄)₂SO₄
3NH₃ + H₃PO₄ → (NH₄)₃PO₄
NH₃ + HNO₃ → NH₄NO₃

note: nitric acid itself is made from ammonia.

Question 27

How is the phosphate rock utilised in the production of fertilisers?

Answer 27

• Phosphate rock is reacted with nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate.
• Phosphate rock can be reacted with sulfuric acid to produce a mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulphate.
• Phosphate rock can be reacted with phosphoric acid to produce calcium phosphate.